Random vs. Systematic Error Definitions and Examples

No matter how careful you are, there is always error in a measurement. Error is not a mistake—its part of the measuring process. In science, measurement error is called experimental error or observational error. There are two broad classes of observational errors: random error and systematic error. Random error varies unpredictably from one measurement to another, while systematic error has the same value or proportion for every measurement. Key Takeaways Random error causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment.Systematic error always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable.Random errors cannot be eliminated from an experiment, but most systematic errors can be reduced. Random Error Example and Causes If you take multiple measurements, the values cluster around the true value. Thus, random error primarily affects precision. Typically, random error affects the last significant digit of a measurement. The main reasons for random error are limitations of instruments, environmental factors, and slight variations in procedure. For example: When weighing yourself on a scale, you position yourself slightly differently each time.When taking a volume reading in a flask, you may read the value from a different angle each time.Measuring the mass of a sample on an analytical balance may produce different values as air currents affect the balance or as water enters and leaves the specimen.Measuring your height is affected by minor posture changes.Measuring wind velocity depends on the height and time at which a measurement is taken. Multiple readings must be taken and averaged because gusts and changes in direction affect the value.Readings must be estimated when they fall between marks on a scale or when the thickness of a measurement marking is taken into account. Because random error always occurs and cannot be predicted, its important to take multiple data points and average them to get a sense of the amount of variation and estimate the true value. Systematic Error Example and Causes Systematic error is predictable and either constant or else proportional to the measurement. Systematic errors primarily influence a measurements accuracy. Typical causes of systematic error include observational error, imperfect instrument calibration, and environmental interference. For example: Forgetting to tare or zero a balance produces mass measurements that are always off by the same amount. An error caused by not setting an instrument to zero prior to its use is called an offset error.Not reading the meniscus at eye level for a volume measurement will always result in an inaccurate reading. The value will be consistently low or high, depending on whether the reading is taken from above or below the mark.Measuring length with a metal ruler will give a different result at a cold temperature than at a hot temperature, due to thermal expansion of the material.An improperly calibrated thermometer may give accurate readings within a certain temperature range, but become inaccurate at higher or lower temperatures.Measured distance is different using a new cloth measuring tape versus an older, stretched one. Proportional errors of this type are called scale factor errors.Drift occurs when successive readings become consistently lower or higher over time. Electronic equipment tends to be susceptible to drift. Many other instruments are affected by (usually positive) drift, as the device warms up. Once its cause is identified, systematic error may be reduced to an extent. Systematic error can be minimized by routinely calibrating equipment, using controls in experiments, warming up instruments prior to taking readings, and comparing values against standards. While random errors can be minimized by increasing sample size and averaging data, its harder to compensate for systematic error. The best way to avoid systematic error is to be familiar with the limitations of instruments and experienced with their correct use. Key Takeaways: Random Error vs. Systematic Error The two main types of measurement error are random error and systematic error.Random error causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment.Systematic error always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable.Random errors cannot be eliminated from an experiment, but most systematic errors may be reduced. Sources Bland, J. Martin, and Douglas G. Altman (1996). Statistics Notes: Measurement Error. BMJ 313.7059: 744.Cochran, W. G. (1968). Errors of Measurement in Statistics. Technometrics. Taylor Francis, Ltd. on behalf of American Statistical Association and American Society for Quality. 10: 637–666. doi:10.2307/1267450Dodge, Y. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms. OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9.Taylor, J. R. (1999). An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books. p. 94. ISBN 0-935702-75-X.

Financial Ratios Comparison - 1906 Words

The companies’ financial ratios can be compared with the ratios of other equivalent companies between business sectors at one point of time. These comparisons provide explanations on the relative financial status and performance of the company compared to the relative performance of its competitors. Comparisons are usually made with other companies in the same business sector and the benchmark is assumed to be the suitable value for a company. The assumption here is for the companies in the same business sector to have the almost identical financial ratios. If the ratio of a company shows a significant difference with the standard ratio, then further investigation must be done to find the cause of that difference. For evaluation, a†¦show more content†¦Assuming there are 360 days in a year. The comparison between the average periods with the company’s credit term could measure the efficiency of the company in collecting debts from its customers. 2.8.3 Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover measures the efficiency of inventory management. It shows the number of times the inventory can be sold in a year. The higher the inventory turnover, the better, as it is an indication that the company is able to sell its inventory quickly and reduce the chances of obsolete inventory. Inventory turnover is obtained by dividing the cost of goods sold with inventory. The calculation of inventory turnover for Company ABC is shown as follows 2.8.4 Average Inventory Sales Period The average inventory sales period shows the number of days taken to make one round of inventory sales. A high average inventory sales period is less satisfactory as this indicates that the company takes a longer time to sell its inventory. For Company ABC, the average inventory sales period is 50 days as calculated below: 2.8.5 Fixed Asset Turnover Fixed asset turnover shows the efficiency of the company in using its fixed assets to generate sales. The higher the ratio, the better it is because it indicates efficient asset management. This ratio is obtained when the sales is divided by the net fixed assets. The calculation of fixed asset turnover for Company ABC is as follows:Show MoreRelatedFinancial Ratios Analysis and Comparison Paper1478 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Ratios Analysis and Comparison Paper Dianne Davis MHA 612 Professor Johnson June 7, 2014 Abstract It is important for healthcare organizations to understand their present performance and weak areas in order to generate more effective operational strategies. Financial ratio analysis is an effective tool to determine hospital’s performance on several indicators such as ability to pay debt, capability to generate revenue, and sales performance etc. The objectiveRead MoreComparison Of Bancorp ( Usb ) Financial Ratio Analysis1892 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. Bancorp (USB) Financial Ratio Analysis Write an essay analyzing the ratios of U.S. Bancorp, indicating strengths and weaknesses discovered when examining the ratios over time as well as examining the ratios compared to a competitor. Financial ratio analysis is not a concrete science, disagreement amongst financial analyst is present throughout industry, and therefore, some consider the practice to be part art and part science. A sound financial analysis consists of an organization’s futureRead MoreFinancial Ratio Analysis of Morrison in Comparison with Tesco2116 Words   |  9 PagesFinancial Ratio Analysis of Morrison in Comparison with Tesco Introduction The purpose of this report is to critically analyse the financial ratio results of Morrison 2008 and 2009 as an equity analyst and compare it with like for like by using Tesco supermarket. To achieve this report will be looked at in four main areas. Firstly, we will use financial ratios obtained from annual reports of 2008 and 2009 to analysis and appraise Morrison’s financial performance. This would be followedRead MoreSmall Business vs. Large Corporation: A Comparison of Financial Ratios1313 Words   |  5 Pages1.Small Business vs. Large Corporation: A Comparison of Financial Ratios Financial ratios are critical when it comes to the determination of not only the performance but also the financial health as well as stability of any given firm. In that regard, as a small business owner, I would utilize a number of ratios to find out how my business is really performing. Some of the ratios I would make use of in this case include the current ratio, debt ratio and net profit margin. According to Baker andRead MoreJournal on Financial Ratio Analysis1157 Words   |  5 PagesSession 15: Limitation of Ratio Analysis Learning Objective Explain to the participants on the limitation of ratio analysis. Important Termss Creative accounting. Accounting Policies. Limitations of Ratios Accounting Information Different Accounting Policies The choices of accounting policies may distort inter company comparisons. Example IAS 16 allows valuation of assets to be based on either revalued amount or at depreciated historical cost. The business may opt not to revalueRead MoreFinancial Ratios Of Pepsico Inc Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesThe calculation of ratios is the calculation technique for analyzing a company’s financial performance that divides or standardize one accounting measure by another economically relevant measure. Financial ratios can be used as a tool to demonstrate financial statement users for making valid comparisons of firm operating performance, over time for the same firm and between comparable companies. External investors are mostly interested in gaining insights about a firm’s profitability, asset managementRead MoreXero Limited Swot Analysis Bac1483 Words   |  6 PagesXero Limited. Fundamental Company Report Including Financial, SWOT, Competitors and Industry Analysis Phone: +44 20 8123 2220 Fax: +44 207 900 3970 office@marketpublishers.com https://marketpublishers.com Phone: +44 20 8123 2220 https://marketpublishers.com Xero Limited. Fundamental Company Report Including Financial, SWOT, Competitors and Industry Analysis Date: Pages: Price: ID: August 1, 2015 50 US$ 499.00 X2531BAD6F0BEN Xero Limited. Fundamental Company Report provides a complete overviewRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Internal And External Environment Of A Firm1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdisadvantages of conducting a financial ratio analysis of a firm? Financial ratios enable a firm to obtain a quick assessment of its overal performance. There are three comparisons that lend themselves to financial ratio analysis. First is historical comparisons, or the trend in various financial ratios over time. Second is comparison with industry norms, which enables a firm to determine whether or not it looks competitive within the industry. Third is comparison with competitors, which providesRead MoreMerck And Co : Merck Co1386 Words   |  6 PagesGlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, two established companies, as benchmarks to determine MRK’s competitiveness. For the analysis, we will give a brief history of the companies. After the background, we will examine their FY2016 statements using key ratios and benchmarks to analyze their operations and provide a synopsis of MRK’s performance compared to its competitors. Company Backgrounds GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) started its operations in 2001 when GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged. GSKRead MoreThe Three Methods of Analysis1006 Words   |  5 Pagessummarizing data by establishing ratios and trends is known as financial analysis. The analysis is carried on a company s financial as well as income statement. The main objective behind carrying out a financial analysis of a company is to know its current financial position and its returns compared to risks. Financial analysis also helps in future forecasting. Financial analysis has three sub-divisions: vertical analysis, horizontal analysis and financial ratios. Horizontal analysis is one of

The Fundamental of Fred Free Essays

Title: The fundamental of FRED Abstract: In the teaching area of digital design for master degree, there is one brand-new assignment method has come which is FRED. FRED-Item inspires students to create their own thinking into their production. There are four parts in FRED-Item which are covered every factor that should appeared in one scholar assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fundamental of Fred or any similar topic only for you Order Now FRED-Item contains many digital types beside common essay. Students will consider not only the topic for FRED, but also the best way that can achieve their ideas in their works. Beyond that, FRED-Item has added some features that are required in design works, such as copyright and references. Keywords: FRED, FRED-Item, Thinking, Learning, Digital Design, Student, Assignment, Reference, Keyword, Education, University Content: In modern society, computer technology is widely used by universities on the earth. With it will come many new programs and courses that student can choose, which includes the digital design. Digital design is a sunrise special field in 21st century. It is a first task that how to rightly directs students to understand and learn this special field (Keane. 2012). Based on these two backgrounds, FRED, a new educational and interactive evolution, is born. What is FRED-Item? This question may become the most asked question for everyone who was the first time to meet FRED-Items. To be specified, FRED means â€Å"Freely Relational Educational Design†(Keane, 2013, p. 1). It designed and developed within Griffith University’s master degree of digital design teaching area (Keane, 2012). Or to be more precise, FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via QA and/or critical analysis. Superficially, FRED-Items looks like a kind of assignment. However, the information that FRED can be provided is more than what the words show. FRED encourages students to create their own thinking and learning production. In the following content, it will make a more detailed analysis for FRED. PART 1 As what you see from the previous content, FRED’ s part 1 contains basic information. First one is the title. The quality of title decides whether it can express author’s opinion effectively or not. In FRED-Item, title should be clean and powerful as it can direct FRED’s theme immediately. The next one is keywords. Keywords identify a document’s index entry. In keyword selection, determine what your content offer is the most important thing to do, because it can help you to facilitate your keywords faster. For example, in digital design area, keywords can be 2D/3D animation, Flash website and so on. To highlight these keywords that makes readers find your items quickly and easily. Thirdly, abstract is considered a part and parcel of FRED. An abstract, viewed as the summary for article, is the first part that audiences will read before the body text. It can present a high-level overview within hundreds of words. Last one is FRED-Ref. As a special group of words, FRED-Ref requires student use some course discipline words in their assignments, which is FRED-Item. And the reason to do this is to access the FRED-Reference world (Keane, 2013). PART 2 There is no doubt that the content part is the major aspect of FRED-Item. With the development of science and technology, digital design has become more and more easily to catch up and remember (Batiha Khaldoun, 2006), so the type of FRED content is varied as well. The first of all is the oldest and traditional academic essay, and then a wide variety of derivatives appeared, such as HTML, PDF and video. HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the main way that creating web pages. Many webpages we saw from Internet are makeup by HTML makeup language (Figure 1). PDF is anther method that displays images and texts in one file. PDF (Figure 2) means Portable Document Format (PDF Reference, 2006, p. 33). It contains many different elements, such as image, text and video. Not only that, students can choose any media formats to express their ideas and works. In other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. Formats are not only the carrier that to show public the information, but also become an express vector that describe designers’ own worlds. Besides this, the content of FRED-Item should be related to the course with students’ critical thinking. It is hard to create a FRED-item that follows all requirements. Especially there are so many different media types that can be used. Student should consider every possible material that may contain in their FRED works, design the best object and hand up to lecturers. Of course, a good conclusion is necessary for every FRED-Item because it can display your outcomes in a logical method. Figure 1 Griffith University Webpage Figure 2 PDF example image PART 3 The third part focuses on the reference, appendix and investigation of QA. Student will use APA style of reference to list their bibliography. APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide, 2013, para. 1) was established in 1980s by several social scientists (About APA Style ®, 2013). In modern scholar life, many learners and writers have adapted APA style. Appendix is a list of books and other works that student used for their FRED-Items. Part 4 Furthermore, investigate via QA is another significant part for part 4. In this section, people will see the reflection that is according to FRED-Item. This step is crucial for the whole work of FRED as it can report students their conceptual thinking. There are lots of types that QA can be in, such as short answer and multiple choices. And all questions and answers demand full structures that explain the key to the questions. Speaking for the numbers of questions, there is not an absolute request for this but all questions are needed to relate to the what kind of questions that student has set (Keane, 2013). Copyright There is still one thing that should be mentioned at here, which is copyright. When students use some works, which are belonged to other people, they should identify any valid notice or accredit in their FRED-Items. As a designer, the factors of original and creative are never be copied and encroached. Reference: Griffith University Webpage, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://www. riffith. edu. au PDF example image, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://blogs. adobe. com/pdfdevjunkie/defaultPortfolioCoverSheet. jpg Keane, D. (2012). Freely Relational Educational Design. Retrieved from http://fredcdn. com/2013s1/7047qca/week02/readings/fred-davidkeane_2ndinternationalsem_teaching_gradstudents_2012k. pdf Keane, D. (2013). 2013s1-FRED-format-v20130225a. Retrieved from http://fredcdn. com/2013s1/ 2013s1-share/2013s1-fred-format/2013s1-fred-format-v20130225a. doc Adobe Systems Incorporated. (2006), PDF Reference, Sixth edition, version 1. 23, p. 33. Retrieved from http://www. adobe. com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7. pdf Batiha, K. Khaldoun, A. (2006). Digital art and design. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 5(9), 1-8. APA Formatting and Style Guide. (2013). Retrieved from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ About APA Style ®. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apastyle. org/about-apa-style. aspx Investigate via QA: 1. How many formats that can be used in FRED-Items? There are so many methods that can be used in FRED-Items. Formats shall include but not be limited to: HTML PDF Video Tutorial In other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. 2. Which kind of reference styles that FRED accepts? APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide, 2013, para. 1) 3. How many and what parts that made up with FRED-Items? FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via QA and/or critical analysis. How to cite The Fundamental of Fred, Essay examples

The Significances of Michelangelo’s Essay Sample free essay sample

Michelangelo is mostly acknowledged for being one of the greatest creative person who of all time lived. He was a maestro of many trades such as sculpting. picture. architecture and technology. He is widely known for his chef-doeuvre that is The Sistine Ceiling. The ceiling is painted with cosmetic figures from peculiar Biblical narratives. The most recognizable narrative is the nine scenes from Genesis that run from the communion table to the entryway wall. What’s interesting about these pictures are the 20 Igundi that surround each single scene. I will being by discoursing Michelangelo’s ignudi airss and organic structure construction. Then linking Michelangelo’s captivation with the survey anatomy and how a Ignudo figure gives grounds to his involvement. The 20 Ignudi figures are unknown. there is guess about their significance. Are the Ignudi simply merely cosmetic elements or do they hold a deeper significance? Are they Athletes of God. Symbols of Justice and Law or Symbols of beauty? Over the infinite maestro pieces that Michelangelo produced. he was fixated on the Male organic structure and its vernal laterality. Most of many theoretical accounts that Michelangelo used were vernal work forces. He would stress muscular curvature in the biceps. Forearm. tummy. legs and neck line. Scholars would reason that Michelangelo was homosexual. make to the many bare male figures and sculptures he had created. He seldom showed adult females as feminine and would utilize the male figure. such as this Ignudo at the upper left corner of the Drunkenness of Noah ( above the prophesier Joel ) . As you can see the lone differentiation between adult male and adult females can be merely seen by the chest. hair and genital organ. Michelangelo was fascinated by the survey of anatomy. He began dissections in his early teens. when he joined the tribunal of Lorenzo de’ Medici. By his late teens. he conducted his surveies by dissecting cadavers so subsequently using what he had learned to his work. This helped him a great trade to demo the item when painting the human male organic structure. Michelangelo was so interested in anatomy. you can see in one of the scenes from The Sistine Ceiling demoing The Creation of Adam that the figure resembles the human Brian. I couldn’t aid but admiration did Michelangelo use this to a Ignudo figure every bit good? Eknoyan. discusses that Michelangelo may hold used the same thought that is seen in the Separation of Earth and Waters demoing a Ignudo sitting with two separate pillows. Both of theses pillows are seen under the Ignudo’s right and left arm. When looking closely you see that the two pillow resemble Kidneys. The pillows are being held precisely where the human Kidneys are located. â€Å"The contact is the facial look of this remarkable ignudo. which. in contrast to the serene. thoughtful. surprised. or peaceable facial looks of the other ignudi. seems to be showing hurting. The singularity of the facial look of this ignudo has been recognized and attributed to â€Å"an incoherent fear† . † [ 1 ] The 20 Ignudi in the Sistine are believed to be more Grecian than Christian. On the other manus. some speculate that the Ignudi are more consider to be more Christian art. Most of Ignudi are hold oning a immense Garland of oak foliages. The concluding behind the big Garland is to stand for Pope Julius. who commissioned the work who belong to della Rovere household. which Italian means oak leaf’s. There are many theories to who these Igundi figures are. The 20 Ignudi in the Sistine are believed to be more Grecian than Christian and play no function in the Church’s narration. However. some speculate that the Ignudi are more consider to be more Christian art. Most of these Ignudi are hold oning a immense Garland of oak foliages. One ground for the big Garland is that it stand foring Pope Julius. who commissioned the work who belong to della Rovere household. which Italian means oak leaf’s. Colin Eisler positions on who he believes the Igundi might stand for. In The Athlete of Virtue The Iconography of Asceticism by Colin Eisler provides illustrations throughout history that many male sculptures and pictures were based off narratives that bare nudes were symbols of Athletes of God. Colin Eisler gives insight on how Michelangelo’s history and connexion to thought of asceticism on the fresco of The Sistine Ceiling. might be great Olympic jocks. He gives intending to the word Virtue and applies it to the Olympic Greek games. â€Å"Virtue – Meaning manfulness or bravery along with fortitude and legerity. was straight identified with the plan necessary for victory in the competition of the Olympic games. † [ 2 ] The Olympic games consisted of athletic competition among representatives of assorted metropoliss of ancient Greece. The games became a political tool used by city states to asseverate laterality over their challengers. Politicians would denote political confederations at the games. and in times of war. priests would offer forfeits to the Gods for triumph. The Grecian games were based off of war. athletic virtuousnesss was attributed besides to the solider. was called by Plato â€Å"the jock of war. † [ 3 ] Could Michelangelo’s Ignudi figures be consider Grecian Athletes of God? Colin Eisler suggests that Michelangelo’s represented these dominate and vernal figures as Athletes of God. When larning about Michelangelo. you notice that his work ever served a intent and had a great important significance. For illustration Michelangelo’s David. this sculpture is an first-class illustration when linking Michelangelo’s Igundi figures. When sing the David you see great importance by his stance and undeniable powerful regard. The David represents the Biblical narrative of David and Goliath. David. who was a immature male child that courageously fought Goliath and was known to be twice his size and stronger. It is told that David was have oning no armour and merely had a sling arm. David defeated Goliath and saved his people from invasion. As for the Ignudi. you see the same differentiation with their powerful organic structure construction and facial look. However. was there a deeper significance that Michelangelo was seeking to portray. such as a representation of Justice and Law of the Golden age? Joost-Gaugier references the 20 Ignudi and how they hold a important significance â€Å"they might be prisoners of ancient ignorance. symbols of the beauty of the human organic structure. mastermind. slaves. Atlantean strong work forces. angels. stripling heroes. symbols of ageless life. acolytes of the Christ. jocks of God. protagonists of medallions. heavenly triumph images. or some other kind of secondary figures. † [ 4 ] During the unveiling of the Ceiling which took topographic point in 1512 right around All Saint’s Day Joost-Gaugier feels this is connected to the Ignudi. That since they were topographic point around such a Biblical scene they most hold an of import intent and possibly demo a metabolisms to what Michelangelo achievement of the Ceiling. Which Sydney Freedberg characterizes them â€Å"’Childish’ in that they attend like uncomprehending inexperienced person at drama. the historical scenes which constitute for him ( as for others ) the chief topics of the Ceiling. † [ 5 ] Joost-Gaugier intents that the ignudi represent Justice and Law. The Ignudi show â€Å"Golden Age of Men and the Justice of the aboriginal God. † [ 6 ] This connects to the scenes topics and the overall layout. The Golden Age of adult male. intending the creative activity of Adam. When at a clip when adult male lived to be happy and in a province of juvenility and in the minute of failing adult male disobeyed his Godhead taking his God to make Cosmos. Cosmos being the autumn of adult male. who so discovered greed and wickedness and the Law of God. Justice takes signifier to Noah and his obeisance to God during the great inundation. Noah obeying God by constructing the Ark and became the Jesus of world. The Aureate Age suggests from my reading â€Å" All Saints’Day would hold constituted yet one more ‘triumph. Surely this was good understood by Vasari in noticing that the oak leaves and acorns Ignudi signified that at this clip and under authorities of Julius was and an Age of Gold. † [ 7 ] Julius being suggested as God’s jurisprudence here on Earth. The Ignudi are besides suggested to be symbols of beauty. In The Sistine Ceiling some suggest that Michelangelo’s Intent was a testimonial to God and his creative activity of the human organic structure. We see infinite beautiful Ignudi figures where his attending to item is undeniable. Michelangelo apprehension of the human organic structure and the sculptural power of his constellation has without a uncertainty had an impact on many creative person and followings of his clip. Does this in itself show its significances? I believe so. Michelangelo ever had a intent and significance behind all of his maestro pieces. Michelangelo’s Ignudi ranges from religious significance and beauty. Beauty was to him divine. one of the ways God signified himself to humanity. As you can see Michelangelo captures all necessities to many Biblical narratives besides giving more pregnant to who these Ignudi figures are and what they represent. So are the Ignudi simply merely cosmetic elements or do they hold a deeper significance? Are they Athletes of God. Symbols of Justice and Law or Symbols of beauty? I believe all these mean Michelangelo’s Ignudi. Each one gives grounds in more ways so one. The figures show youthfulness and laterality such as an jock of God. Besides. Symbols of Justice and Law from the clip of the Golden Age when adult male was created so was punished by ostracism by Law and so given Justice. Lastly. Michelangelo’s Ignudi ranges from religious significance and beauty. Beauty was to him divine. one of the ways God signified himself to humanity. Bibliography Freedberg. S. J. â€Å"Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. †March 1986. 1961. 97 Eknoyan. G: Michelangelo: Art. anatomy. and the kidney. Kidney International. 57. October 12. 1999. 1190–1201. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nature. com/ki/journal/v57/n3/full/4491441a. hypertext markup language Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier. â€Å"Michelangelo’s Ignudi. and the Sistine Chapel as a Symbol of Law and Justice†Artibus et Historiae. Vol. 17. No. 34 ( 1996 ) ( pp. 19-43 ) . 25 Eisler. C: The Athlete of Virtue The Iconography of Asceticism. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jstor. org/stable/1483521 Seymour. C Jr ( editor ) : Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling. 1972 New York. W. W. Norton A ; Co. Inc. . Elkins. Joule: Michelangelo and the human signifier: His cognition and usage of anatomy. Art Hist 1984 7: 176–186. De Tolnay. Cadmium: Michelangelo. II. The Sistine Ceiling. 1945 Princeton. Princeton University Press. Schultz. Bacillus: Art and Anatomy in Renaissance Italy. 1982 Ann Arbor. UMI Research Press. Panofsky. Tocopherol: Surveies in Iconology. 1972 New York. Harper A ; Row Publishers. O’Malley. ‘The Theology behind Michelangelo’s Ceiling. † The Sistine Chapel. The Art. the History and the Restoration. Carlo Pietrangeli. erectile dysfunction. . London. 1986. 92-148 J. Wilde. ‘The Decoration of the Sistine Chapel. † Proceedings of the British Academy. XLIV. 1958. 61-81 ———————–[ 1 ] Garabed Eknoyan: Michelangelo: Art. anatomy. and the kidney. [ 2 ] C. Eisler. â€Å"Virtue† pp. 82 The Athlete of Virtue The Iconography of Asceticism. [ 3 ] The Republic. Book III. 13. 404 refers to the jocks of war. [ 4 ] Joost-Gaugier. Artibus et Historiae [ 5 ] Freedberg. op. cit. . 95-97.[ 6 ] [ 7 ] Joost-Gaugier. Artibus et Historiae pg 28[ 8 ] [ 9 ] Joost-Gaugier. Artibus et Historiae pg 28