Random vs. Systematic Error Definitions and Examples

No matter how careful you are, there is always error in a measurement. Error is not a mistake—its part of the measuring process. In science, measurement error is called experimental error or observational error. There are two broad classes of observational errors: random error and systematic error. Random error varies unpredictably from one measurement to another, while systematic error has the same value or proportion for every measurement. Key Takeaways Random error causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment.Systematic error always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable.Random errors cannot be eliminated from an experiment, but most systematic errors can be reduced. Random Error Example and Causes If you take multiple measurements, the values cluster around the true value. Thus, random error primarily affects precision. Typically, random error affects the last significant digit of a measurement. The main reasons for random error are limitations of instruments, environmental factors, and slight variations in procedure. For example: When weighing yourself on a scale, you position yourself slightly differently each time.When taking a volume reading in a flask, you may read the value from a different angle each time.Measuring the mass of a sample on an analytical balance may produce different values as air currents affect the balance or as water enters and leaves the specimen.Measuring your height is affected by minor posture changes.Measuring wind velocity depends on the height and time at which a measurement is taken. Multiple readings must be taken and averaged because gusts and changes in direction affect the value.Readings must be estimated when they fall between marks on a scale or when the thickness of a measurement marking is taken into account. Because random error always occurs and cannot be predicted, its important to take multiple data points and average them to get a sense of the amount of variation and estimate the true value. Systematic Error Example and Causes Systematic error is predictable and either constant or else proportional to the measurement. Systematic errors primarily influence a measurements accuracy. Typical causes of systematic error include observational error, imperfect instrument calibration, and environmental interference. For example: Forgetting to tare or zero a balance produces mass measurements that are always off by the same amount. An error caused by not setting an instrument to zero prior to its use is called an offset error.Not reading the meniscus at eye level for a volume measurement will always result in an inaccurate reading. The value will be consistently low or high, depending on whether the reading is taken from above or below the mark.Measuring length with a metal ruler will give a different result at a cold temperature than at a hot temperature, due to thermal expansion of the material.An improperly calibrated thermometer may give accurate readings within a certain temperature range, but become inaccurate at higher or lower temperatures.Measured distance is different using a new cloth measuring tape versus an older, stretched one. Proportional errors of this type are called scale factor errors.Drift occurs when successive readings become consistently lower or higher over time. Electronic equipment tends to be susceptible to drift. Many other instruments are affected by (usually positive) drift, as the device warms up. Once its cause is identified, systematic error may be reduced to an extent. Systematic error can be minimized by routinely calibrating equipment, using controls in experiments, warming up instruments prior to taking readings, and comparing values against standards. While random errors can be minimized by increasing sample size and averaging data, its harder to compensate for systematic error. The best way to avoid systematic error is to be familiar with the limitations of instruments and experienced with their correct use. Key Takeaways: Random Error vs. Systematic Error The two main types of measurement error are random error and systematic error.Random error causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment.Systematic error always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable.Random errors cannot be eliminated from an experiment, but most systematic errors may be reduced. Sources Bland, J. Martin, and Douglas G. Altman (1996). Statistics Notes: Measurement Error. BMJ 313.7059: 744.Cochran, W. G. (1968). Errors of Measurement in Statistics. Technometrics. Taylor Francis, Ltd. on behalf of American Statistical Association and American Society for Quality. 10: 637–666. doi:10.2307/1267450Dodge, Y. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms. OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9.Taylor, J. R. (1999). An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books. p. 94. ISBN 0-935702-75-X.

Financial Ratios Comparison - 1906 Words

The companies’ financial ratios can be compared with the ratios of other equivalent companies between business sectors at one point of time. These comparisons provide explanations on the relative financial status and performance of the company compared to the relative performance of its competitors. Comparisons are usually made with other companies in the same business sector and the benchmark is assumed to be the suitable value for a company. The assumption here is for the companies in the same business sector to have the almost identical financial ratios. If the ratio of a company shows a significant difference with the standard ratio, then further investigation must be done to find the cause of that difference. For evaluation, a†¦show more content†¦Assuming there are 360 days in a year. The comparison between the average periods with the company’s credit term could measure the efficiency of the company in collecting debts from its customers. 2.8.3 Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover measures the efficiency of inventory management. It shows the number of times the inventory can be sold in a year. The higher the inventory turnover, the better, as it is an indication that the company is able to sell its inventory quickly and reduce the chances of obsolete inventory. Inventory turnover is obtained by dividing the cost of goods sold with inventory. The calculation of inventory turnover for Company ABC is shown as follows 2.8.4 Average Inventory Sales Period The average inventory sales period shows the number of days taken to make one round of inventory sales. A high average inventory sales period is less satisfactory as this indicates that the company takes a longer time to sell its inventory. For Company ABC, the average inventory sales period is 50 days as calculated below: 2.8.5 Fixed Asset Turnover Fixed asset turnover shows the efficiency of the company in using its fixed assets to generate sales. The higher the ratio, the better it is because it indicates efficient asset management. This ratio is obtained when the sales is divided by the net fixed assets. The calculation of fixed asset turnover for Company ABC is as follows:Show MoreRelatedFinancial Ratios Analysis and Comparison Paper1478 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Ratios Analysis and Comparison Paper Dianne Davis MHA 612 Professor Johnson June 7, 2014 Abstract It is important for healthcare organizations to understand their present performance and weak areas in order to generate more effective operational strategies. 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Fundamental Company Report Including Financial, SWOT, Competitors and Industry Analysis Date: Pages: Price: ID: August 1, 2015 50 US$ 499.00 X2531BAD6F0BEN Xero Limited. Fundamental Company Report provides a complete overviewRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Internal And External Environment Of A Firm1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdisadvantages of conducting a financial ratio analysis of a firm? Financial ratios enable a firm to obtain a quick assessment of its overal performance. There are three comparisons that lend themselves to financial ratio analysis. First is historical comparisons, or the trend in various financial ratios over time. Second is comparison with industry norms, which enables a firm to determine whether or not it looks competitive within the industry. Third is comparison with competitors, which providesRead MoreMerck And Co : Merck Co1386 Words   |  6 PagesGlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, two established companies, as benchmarks to determine MRK’s competitiveness. For the analysis, we will give a brief history of the companies. After the background, we will examine their FY2016 statements using key ratios and benchmarks to analyze their operations and provide a synopsis of MRK’s performance compared to its competitors. Company Backgrounds GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) started its operations in 2001 when GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged. GSKRead MoreThe Three Methods of Analysis1006 Words   |  5 Pagessummarizing data by establishing ratios and trends is known as financial analysis. The analysis is carried on a company s financial as well as income statement. The main objective behind carrying out a financial analysis of a company is to know its current financial position and its returns compared to risks. Financial analysis also helps in future forecasting. Financial analysis has three sub-divisions: vertical analysis, horizontal analysis and financial ratios. Horizontal analysis is one of

The Fundamental of Fred Free Essays

Title: The fundamental of FRED Abstract: In the teaching area of digital design for master degree, there is one brand-new assignment method has come which is FRED. FRED-Item inspires students to create their own thinking into their production. There are four parts in FRED-Item which are covered every factor that should appeared in one scholar assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fundamental of Fred or any similar topic only for you Order Now FRED-Item contains many digital types beside common essay. Students will consider not only the topic for FRED, but also the best way that can achieve their ideas in their works. Beyond that, FRED-Item has added some features that are required in design works, such as copyright and references. Keywords: FRED, FRED-Item, Thinking, Learning, Digital Design, Student, Assignment, Reference, Keyword, Education, University Content: In modern society, computer technology is widely used by universities on the earth. With it will come many new programs and courses that student can choose, which includes the digital design. Digital design is a sunrise special field in 21st century. It is a first task that how to rightly directs students to understand and learn this special field (Keane. 2012). Based on these two backgrounds, FRED, a new educational and interactive evolution, is born. What is FRED-Item? This question may become the most asked question for everyone who was the first time to meet FRED-Items. To be specified, FRED means â€Å"Freely Relational Educational Design†(Keane, 2013, p. 1). It designed and developed within Griffith University’s master degree of digital design teaching area (Keane, 2012). Or to be more precise, FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via QA and/or critical analysis. Superficially, FRED-Items looks like a kind of assignment. However, the information that FRED can be provided is more than what the words show. FRED encourages students to create their own thinking and learning production. In the following content, it will make a more detailed analysis for FRED. PART 1 As what you see from the previous content, FRED’ s part 1 contains basic information. First one is the title. The quality of title decides whether it can express author’s opinion effectively or not. In FRED-Item, title should be clean and powerful as it can direct FRED’s theme immediately. The next one is keywords. Keywords identify a document’s index entry. In keyword selection, determine what your content offer is the most important thing to do, because it can help you to facilitate your keywords faster. For example, in digital design area, keywords can be 2D/3D animation, Flash website and so on. To highlight these keywords that makes readers find your items quickly and easily. Thirdly, abstract is considered a part and parcel of FRED. An abstract, viewed as the summary for article, is the first part that audiences will read before the body text. It can present a high-level overview within hundreds of words. Last one is FRED-Ref. As a special group of words, FRED-Ref requires student use some course discipline words in their assignments, which is FRED-Item. And the reason to do this is to access the FRED-Reference world (Keane, 2013). PART 2 There is no doubt that the content part is the major aspect of FRED-Item. With the development of science and technology, digital design has become more and more easily to catch up and remember (Batiha Khaldoun, 2006), so the type of FRED content is varied as well. The first of all is the oldest and traditional academic essay, and then a wide variety of derivatives appeared, such as HTML, PDF and video. HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the main way that creating web pages. Many webpages we saw from Internet are makeup by HTML makeup language (Figure 1). PDF is anther method that displays images and texts in one file. PDF (Figure 2) means Portable Document Format (PDF Reference, 2006, p. 33). It contains many different elements, such as image, text and video. Not only that, students can choose any media formats to express their ideas and works. In other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. Formats are not only the carrier that to show public the information, but also become an express vector that describe designers’ own worlds. Besides this, the content of FRED-Item should be related to the course with students’ critical thinking. It is hard to create a FRED-item that follows all requirements. Especially there are so many different media types that can be used. Student should consider every possible material that may contain in their FRED works, design the best object and hand up to lecturers. Of course, a good conclusion is necessary for every FRED-Item because it can display your outcomes in a logical method. Figure 1 Griffith University Webpage Figure 2 PDF example image PART 3 The third part focuses on the reference, appendix and investigation of QA. Student will use APA style of reference to list their bibliography. APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide, 2013, para. 1) was established in 1980s by several social scientists (About APA Style ®, 2013). In modern scholar life, many learners and writers have adapted APA style. Appendix is a list of books and other works that student used for their FRED-Items. Part 4 Furthermore, investigate via QA is another significant part for part 4. In this section, people will see the reflection that is according to FRED-Item. This step is crucial for the whole work of FRED as it can report students their conceptual thinking. There are lots of types that QA can be in, such as short answer and multiple choices. And all questions and answers demand full structures that explain the key to the questions. Speaking for the numbers of questions, there is not an absolute request for this but all questions are needed to relate to the what kind of questions that student has set (Keane, 2013). Copyright There is still one thing that should be mentioned at here, which is copyright. When students use some works, which are belonged to other people, they should identify any valid notice or accredit in their FRED-Items. As a designer, the factors of original and creative are never be copied and encroached. Reference: Griffith University Webpage, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://www. riffith. edu. au PDF example image, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://blogs. adobe. com/pdfdevjunkie/defaultPortfolioCoverSheet. jpg Keane, D. (2012). Freely Relational Educational Design. Retrieved from http://fredcdn. com/2013s1/7047qca/week02/readings/fred-davidkeane_2ndinternationalsem_teaching_gradstudents_2012k. pdf Keane, D. (2013). 2013s1-FRED-format-v20130225a. Retrieved from http://fredcdn. com/2013s1/ 2013s1-share/2013s1-fred-format/2013s1-fred-format-v20130225a. doc Adobe Systems Incorporated. (2006), PDF Reference, Sixth edition, version 1. 23, p. 33. Retrieved from http://www. adobe. com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7. pdf Batiha, K. Khaldoun, A. (2006). Digital art and design. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 5(9), 1-8. APA Formatting and Style Guide. (2013). Retrieved from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ About APA Style ®. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apastyle. org/about-apa-style. aspx Investigate via QA: 1. How many formats that can be used in FRED-Items? There are so many methods that can be used in FRED-Items. Formats shall include but not be limited to: HTML PDF Video Tutorial In other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. 2. Which kind of reference styles that FRED accepts? APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide, 2013, para. 1) 3. How many and what parts that made up with FRED-Items? FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via QA and/or critical analysis. How to cite The Fundamental of Fred, Essay examples

The Significances of Michelangelo’s Essay Sample free essay sample

Michelangelo is mostly acknowledged for being one of the greatest creative person who of all time lived. He was a maestro of many trades such as sculpting. picture. architecture and technology. He is widely known for his chef-doeuvre that is The Sistine Ceiling. The ceiling is painted with cosmetic figures from peculiar Biblical narratives. The most recognizable narrative is the nine scenes from Genesis that run from the communion table to the entryway wall. What’s interesting about these pictures are the 20 Igundi that surround each single scene. I will being by discoursing Michelangelo’s ignudi airss and organic structure construction. Then linking Michelangelo’s captivation with the survey anatomy and how a Ignudo figure gives grounds to his involvement. The 20 Ignudi figures are unknown. there is guess about their significance. Are the Ignudi simply merely cosmetic elements or do they hold a deeper significance? Are they Athletes of God. Symbols of Justice and Law or Symbols of beauty? Over the infinite maestro pieces that Michelangelo produced. he was fixated on the Male organic structure and its vernal laterality. Most of many theoretical accounts that Michelangelo used were vernal work forces. He would stress muscular curvature in the biceps. Forearm. tummy. legs and neck line. Scholars would reason that Michelangelo was homosexual. make to the many bare male figures and sculptures he had created. He seldom showed adult females as feminine and would utilize the male figure. such as this Ignudo at the upper left corner of the Drunkenness of Noah ( above the prophesier Joel ) . As you can see the lone differentiation between adult male and adult females can be merely seen by the chest. hair and genital organ. Michelangelo was fascinated by the survey of anatomy. He began dissections in his early teens. when he joined the tribunal of Lorenzo de’ Medici. By his late teens. he conducted his surveies by dissecting cadavers so subsequently using what he had learned to his work. This helped him a great trade to demo the item when painting the human male organic structure. Michelangelo was so interested in anatomy. you can see in one of the scenes from The Sistine Ceiling demoing The Creation of Adam that the figure resembles the human Brian. I couldn’t aid but admiration did Michelangelo use this to a Ignudo figure every bit good? Eknoyan. discusses that Michelangelo may hold used the same thought that is seen in the Separation of Earth and Waters demoing a Ignudo sitting with two separate pillows. Both of theses pillows are seen under the Ignudo’s right and left arm. When looking closely you see that the two pillow resemble Kidneys. The pillows are being held precisely where the human Kidneys are located. â€Å"The contact is the facial look of this remarkable ignudo. which. in contrast to the serene. thoughtful. surprised. or peaceable facial looks of the other ignudi. seems to be showing hurting. The singularity of the facial look of this ignudo has been recognized and attributed to â€Å"an incoherent fear† . † [ 1 ] The 20 Ignudi in the Sistine are believed to be more Grecian than Christian. On the other manus. some speculate that the Ignudi are more consider to be more Christian art. Most of Ignudi are hold oning a immense Garland of oak foliages. The concluding behind the big Garland is to stand for Pope Julius. who commissioned the work who belong to della Rovere household. which Italian means oak leaf’s. There are many theories to who these Igundi figures are. The 20 Ignudi in the Sistine are believed to be more Grecian than Christian and play no function in the Church’s narration. However. some speculate that the Ignudi are more consider to be more Christian art. Most of these Ignudi are hold oning a immense Garland of oak foliages. One ground for the big Garland is that it stand foring Pope Julius. who commissioned the work who belong to della Rovere household. which Italian means oak leaf’s. Colin Eisler positions on who he believes the Igundi might stand for. In The Athlete of Virtue The Iconography of Asceticism by Colin Eisler provides illustrations throughout history that many male sculptures and pictures were based off narratives that bare nudes were symbols of Athletes of God. Colin Eisler gives insight on how Michelangelo’s history and connexion to thought of asceticism on the fresco of The Sistine Ceiling. might be great Olympic jocks. He gives intending to the word Virtue and applies it to the Olympic Greek games. â€Å"Virtue – Meaning manfulness or bravery along with fortitude and legerity. was straight identified with the plan necessary for victory in the competition of the Olympic games. † [ 2 ] The Olympic games consisted of athletic competition among representatives of assorted metropoliss of ancient Greece. The games became a political tool used by city states to asseverate laterality over their challengers. Politicians would denote political confederations at the games. and in times of war. priests would offer forfeits to the Gods for triumph. The Grecian games were based off of war. athletic virtuousnesss was attributed besides to the solider. was called by Plato â€Å"the jock of war. † [ 3 ] Could Michelangelo’s Ignudi figures be consider Grecian Athletes of God? Colin Eisler suggests that Michelangelo’s represented these dominate and vernal figures as Athletes of God. When larning about Michelangelo. you notice that his work ever served a intent and had a great important significance. For illustration Michelangelo’s David. this sculpture is an first-class illustration when linking Michelangelo’s Igundi figures. When sing the David you see great importance by his stance and undeniable powerful regard. The David represents the Biblical narrative of David and Goliath. David. who was a immature male child that courageously fought Goliath and was known to be twice his size and stronger. It is told that David was have oning no armour and merely had a sling arm. David defeated Goliath and saved his people from invasion. As for the Ignudi. you see the same differentiation with their powerful organic structure construction and facial look. However. was there a deeper significance that Michelangelo was seeking to portray. such as a representation of Justice and Law of the Golden age? Joost-Gaugier references the 20 Ignudi and how they hold a important significance â€Å"they might be prisoners of ancient ignorance. symbols of the beauty of the human organic structure. mastermind. slaves. Atlantean strong work forces. angels. stripling heroes. symbols of ageless life. acolytes of the Christ. jocks of God. protagonists of medallions. heavenly triumph images. or some other kind of secondary figures. † [ 4 ] During the unveiling of the Ceiling which took topographic point in 1512 right around All Saint’s Day Joost-Gaugier feels this is connected to the Ignudi. That since they were topographic point around such a Biblical scene they most hold an of import intent and possibly demo a metabolisms to what Michelangelo achievement of the Ceiling. Which Sydney Freedberg characterizes them â€Å"’Childish’ in that they attend like uncomprehending inexperienced person at drama. the historical scenes which constitute for him ( as for others ) the chief topics of the Ceiling. † [ 5 ] Joost-Gaugier intents that the ignudi represent Justice and Law. The Ignudi show â€Å"Golden Age of Men and the Justice of the aboriginal God. † [ 6 ] This connects to the scenes topics and the overall layout. The Golden Age of adult male. intending the creative activity of Adam. When at a clip when adult male lived to be happy and in a province of juvenility and in the minute of failing adult male disobeyed his Godhead taking his God to make Cosmos. Cosmos being the autumn of adult male. who so discovered greed and wickedness and the Law of God. Justice takes signifier to Noah and his obeisance to God during the great inundation. Noah obeying God by constructing the Ark and became the Jesus of world. The Aureate Age suggests from my reading â€Å" All Saints’Day would hold constituted yet one more ‘triumph. Surely this was good understood by Vasari in noticing that the oak leaves and acorns Ignudi signified that at this clip and under authorities of Julius was and an Age of Gold. † [ 7 ] Julius being suggested as God’s jurisprudence here on Earth. The Ignudi are besides suggested to be symbols of beauty. In The Sistine Ceiling some suggest that Michelangelo’s Intent was a testimonial to God and his creative activity of the human organic structure. We see infinite beautiful Ignudi figures where his attending to item is undeniable. Michelangelo apprehension of the human organic structure and the sculptural power of his constellation has without a uncertainty had an impact on many creative person and followings of his clip. Does this in itself show its significances? I believe so. Michelangelo ever had a intent and significance behind all of his maestro pieces. Michelangelo’s Ignudi ranges from religious significance and beauty. Beauty was to him divine. one of the ways God signified himself to humanity. As you can see Michelangelo captures all necessities to many Biblical narratives besides giving more pregnant to who these Ignudi figures are and what they represent. So are the Ignudi simply merely cosmetic elements or do they hold a deeper significance? Are they Athletes of God. Symbols of Justice and Law or Symbols of beauty? I believe all these mean Michelangelo’s Ignudi. Each one gives grounds in more ways so one. The figures show youthfulness and laterality such as an jock of God. Besides. Symbols of Justice and Law from the clip of the Golden Age when adult male was created so was punished by ostracism by Law and so given Justice. Lastly. Michelangelo’s Ignudi ranges from religious significance and beauty. Beauty was to him divine. one of the ways God signified himself to humanity. Bibliography Freedberg. S. J. â€Å"Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. †March 1986. 1961. 97 Eknoyan. G: Michelangelo: Art. anatomy. and the kidney. Kidney International. 57. October 12. 1999. 1190–1201. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nature. com/ki/journal/v57/n3/full/4491441a. hypertext markup language Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier. â€Å"Michelangelo’s Ignudi. and the Sistine Chapel as a Symbol of Law and Justice†Artibus et Historiae. Vol. 17. No. 34 ( 1996 ) ( pp. 19-43 ) . 25 Eisler. C: The Athlete of Virtue The Iconography of Asceticism. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jstor. org/stable/1483521 Seymour. C Jr ( editor ) : Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling. 1972 New York. W. W. Norton A ; Co. Inc. . Elkins. Joule: Michelangelo and the human signifier: His cognition and usage of anatomy. Art Hist 1984 7: 176–186. De Tolnay. Cadmium: Michelangelo. II. The Sistine Ceiling. 1945 Princeton. Princeton University Press. Schultz. Bacillus: Art and Anatomy in Renaissance Italy. 1982 Ann Arbor. UMI Research Press. Panofsky. Tocopherol: Surveies in Iconology. 1972 New York. Harper A ; Row Publishers. O’Malley. ‘The Theology behind Michelangelo’s Ceiling. † The Sistine Chapel. The Art. the History and the Restoration. Carlo Pietrangeli. erectile dysfunction. . London. 1986. 92-148 J. Wilde. ‘The Decoration of the Sistine Chapel. † Proceedings of the British Academy. XLIV. 1958. 61-81 ———————–[ 1 ] Garabed Eknoyan: Michelangelo: Art. anatomy. and the kidney. [ 2 ] C. Eisler. â€Å"Virtue† pp. 82 The Athlete of Virtue The Iconography of Asceticism. [ 3 ] The Republic. Book III. 13. 404 refers to the jocks of war. [ 4 ] Joost-Gaugier. Artibus et Historiae [ 5 ] Freedberg. op. cit. . 95-97.[ 6 ] [ 7 ] Joost-Gaugier. Artibus et Historiae pg 28[ 8 ] [ 9 ] Joost-Gaugier. Artibus et Historiae pg 28

Understanding child and young person development from birth to 19 years free essay sample

More co-ordinated; running, hopping, kicking a ball, using larger equipment. More control over fine motor skills: writing, using a cup, drawing and cutting. Continuing to grow, Develop and refine skills. Start to have hobbies; sport, dance, acting etc. Able to make controlled fine movements; drawing, sewing, playing an instrument, drawing. Girls may start early signs of puberty from 10 yrs onwards. Boys; puberty normally begins later on. Growing stronger. Boys start puberty and many girls will have regular periods. Variance in height/ strength. On average most boys are taller than most girls at the end of this stage. Become adults, girls may have reached physical maturity; boys will continue to grow and change until their mid 20s. 2. INTELLECTUAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: Depends greatly on extent of their own experiences and opportunities they are given from the earliest stages. Children learn in a variety of ways and will some particular tasks easier than others due to their own abilities and strengths. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding child and young person development from birth to 19 years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some theories of cognitive development, which are important to bear in mind which thinking about stages of learning include: †¢Albert Bandura: ‘Social learning theory’; he believed children watch others, in particular adults and role models, and copy what they do – positive and negative behaviour. †¢Jean Piaget: children pass through different stages of learning; he believed the way children think and learn is governed by their age and stage of development, because learning is based on experience. As children’s experiences change, they adapt what they believe. Children need ot extend their experiences in order to extend their leaning. AGESTAGE OF LEARNINGCHARACTERISTICS 0 -2 yrs Sensory motor stagestart to find out about the world around them; discover what things around them can do 2 – 6 yrs . Pre-operational stageStart to develop thought processes and use symbolic play. Find it easier to learn when they can see and use practical examples 6 – 11 yrs Concrete operations stageAble to think on more abstract level. Can use more abstract concepts. 12 YRS +Formal operationsAble to apply what they have learned to new situations. †¢B.F Skinner: ‘Positive reinforcement’; he believed children learn best through positive experiences. We will repeat experiences that are enjoyable and avoid those that are not. †¢Lev Vygotsky: ‘Zone of Proximal Development’; he believed that children need adults to support them in their learning in order to extend their learning†¦He said; children cannot learn as m uch without adults and others helping them. 0 – 3 YRS3 – 7 YRS 7 – 11 YRS12 – 16 YRS16 – 19 YRS Babies: start to look at the world around them, enjoy repetitive activities in which they can predict the outcome. Start to understand that objects are still there even when hidden, learn to recognise different items, can point to them. May start to recognise colours. Numeracy, reading and writing skills start to develop. Continue to learn about their world. Still look for adult approval. Becoming fluent in reading and writing skills. Developing their own thoughts and preferences, ideas about activities they enjoy, able to transfer information and think in a more abstract way. Begin to recognise their favourite activities and subjects; normally motivated in them. May lack confidence or avoid when doing less popular subjects. Selecting GCSEs. Need to feel good about themselves and want to belong. Thinking about career/university choices based on their chosen subjects. Able to focus on areas of strength; look forward to continuing to develop these as they move on. 3. COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: 0 – 3 YRS3 – 7 YRS 7 – 12 YRS12 – 19 YRS Babies enjoy listening and interaction with those around them communication, songs and games. Most try to speak at approx 12 months. If neglected as babies and not spent time with adults, they find it difficult to learn effective communication skills. 1-2 yrs: start to put words together, vocabulary increases, by 2 yrs most have approx 200 words. 2 – 3 yrs: start to use negatives and plurals in speech, vocabulary increases rapidly but they still make grammatical errors. Become more social and have wider experiences. Ask lots of questions, use increasing number of familiar phrases and expressions, more able to talk in past and future tenses. Most children will be fluent speakers and will continue to refine and develop reading and writing skills, able to think about and communicate the ideas. Continue to develop language, reading, writing, Communications skills. 4. SOCIAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND MORAL: How children and young people feel about themselves and relate to others. Need to learn how to have confidence. Become independent of adults as they grow older and begin to make their way in the world. 0 – 3 YRS3 – 7 YRS7 – 12 YRS12 – 16 YEARS16 – 19 YRS Start to find out about own identities. Need to form strong attachment; with parent, carers or nursery ‘key worker’. Frustration tantrums may begin. Will start to want/need to be doing for themselves. Continue to develop their identities, start playing with peers, use imaginative play/role-play. Need to understand the importance of boundaries and respond well to responsibilities e. g. class helpers. Adult approval is needed. Friendships become increasingly settled, with groups of friends. Need/enjoy the chance to solve problems and do activities independently. Increasingly aware of what others may think of them. Continue to need encouragement and praise. Self-esteem may be vulnerable. Bodies take on signs of adulthood. Want adult independence; still require some advice. Spend more time with friends of own age. Can continue to display childish behaviour. May feel pressure to grow up and higher expectations. May be unsure how to behave in different situations. Entering adulthood, may still need adult advice /guidance. Varied experience, emotional maturity and methods of social interaction. BEST PRACTICE CHECKLIST FOR SUPPORTING SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT: †¢Be approachable/give your full attention. †¢Fair and firm boundaries with explanations. †¢Ensure they feel valued; give praise and encouragement. †¢Give chance to develop independence. †¢Be aware of each child’s overall development. †¢Be sensitive to their needs. †¢Encouragement to think about the needs of others. †¢Be a good role model. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT: While children usually follow the same Pattern of development; the ages at which they reach each milestone will vary as all children are unique: RATE OF DEVELOPMENT: usual time frame in which development occurs. SQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT: usual order in which development occurs.

people of dubai essays

people of dubai essays My topic for research is What makes a Club successful? I chose this topic because I find it extremely interesting that on certain nights only selected night clubs are popluar, depending on the music theme and the cover charge. So, I wanted to look into it more deeply and see the otherfactors that contribute to making a night club popluar. If I wanted to open a club in Manchester, New Hampshire, I would need to know what are the key factors that would contribute to its success and attract the targeted crowd. The kind of music, dress code, location, ambience, drinks served, cover charge - all play a part in the success of the good night club. I want to study what are the facotrs that make or break a night club because, I feel, I ti s very important to know all this due to th intense competition. People would lie about the cover charge and entrace fees being reasonable or too expensive. The people working at the club might not give correct information. I may not be able to go visit all the clubs in manchester, due to lack of transportation. I am assuming I will do this research without an biases. Clubs that are open till later than others will attract more people. Lower entrance fee will attract more people. Lowering the age limit to 18years will bring in underage troublemakers, who would want to drink. I am sure I can do this reasearch and get the results I am looking for. Will the popularity of the club increase if the ages limit is reduced to 18+? Does the amount of entrance fee have an influence on the kind people who go there, in terms of age, occupation, etc If the club is open till later than others, will it attract more people? ...

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN THE CHURCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN THE CHURCH - Essay Example nt and as such cannot cause conflict, in most cases, disregarding these sources creates bigger conflicts that could even contribute to bother breakup of the church. Although the church embraces morals in its operations, understanding the differences in the backgrounds of the members and leaders is important in dealing with conflict whenever they arise. Church attendance is one of the most important sources of conflict in the church. An increase and a decrease in people’s attendance in the church both have similar effects. They have a high likelihood of creating conflicts. While an increase in the number of people in the church raises an alarm to individuals holding leadership positions in the church, as they risk competition, a decrease in the attendance levels is an indication of poor leadership skills among the leaders (Turner 1991, p. 6). This could thus lead to a conflict between the members of the church and their leaders. Annual budget is yet another source of conflict in a church. Some of the people could have diverse views especially in the allocation of the total income of the church. Money, now more than ever, is a highly sensitive issue in the church. Budgeting should receive the approval of most of the members of the church, if not all (Spann & Wheeler 2010,  p. 241). Time changes for the leaders especially in addressing the members of the church is an important consideration too. Some of the leaders feel superior to others and thus regard them as coming later in the protocol. Time allocated to the leaders of the church to address the members of the church could also be a good breeding ground for church conflicts. When new influential people join the church, conflict is bound to arise. In most cases, these new people appear to receive more attention than the leaders of the church, something that would not go well with the leaders. Finally, the fear of the organization being out of control could be a source of conflict as the members deliberate on the

TypeWriter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

TypeWriter - Essay Example Creativity and innovation that leads to technological advancement started a long time ago. The form of communication among people and especially leaders in the 1500s was through writing. The quest to achieve more efficiency in writing led to the invention typewriters in 1860s. A typewriter is a machine that can be mechanical or electromechanical used in creating characters on a piece of paper. The technology on a typewriter involves transfer of ink or carbon impression on a set piece of paper by striking characters on a key-board. Keys are attached to type bars that are in a circular basket under the platen. Striking hard the keys transfers a marking on the molded head of the type bar. The paper used in the process is wrapped around a cylinder that mounted on a carriage. The carriage moves after striking a type bar to allow the specific spacing of words and letters. The keyboard is organized in a manner to make it easier for the operator to type the characters. After the invention, the machine become popular and was used in different areas such as homes, by writers, and offices to create writing on paper for different purposes. The increased use of the typewriters came to a halt in the early 1980s when word processor in a computer became popular due to its efficiency compared to a typewriter. However, the typewriters have not been completely wiped out. Different places of the world such as India and certain parts of Africa are still using the machine. The machine has undergone a series of changes all with the aim of improving it proficiency in serving the intended purpose. Earlier innovations and trials had been made regarding the creation of a printing device, but the first successful typewriter was made by Sholes and Glidden in 1870. It was known as the Remingtons typing machine. The intended purpose of the machine was to ensure legal documents produced were neat, legible, and of a standard format. Creativity in this machine

Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ping Sweeps and Port Scans - Assignment Example Computer activities fall into broad categories of the ones which enhance proper functioning of other programs running on a computer whereas others which render expected functioning difficult. We must safeguard our computers against the malicious activities. Information about a computer such as the details about its operating system, details about programs running on it, information about various protocols, details about usage of ports and responses to different functions are amongst those targeted by hackers and jammers in a network. Ping sweep is a very fundamental scanning activity used to primarily determine the range of IP addresses which map to live hosts (TechTarget, 2002). Usually we ping a computer to know the active presence of the desired host. However, ping sweeps do it for a multitude of computers. Ping sweep is also known as ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) sweep (TechTarget, 2002). Ping sweeps can be performed voluntarily by an organization to determine active hosts. Upon determination we use this data to perform data transactions/sharing between desired active hosts. It can also be performed by an outsider with an intention to drag information out of a computer database for wrong purposes. The process of knowing active hosts in ping sweep is similar to an act where a pickpocket identifies his prey in a crowded bus (Murali, 2004). Every sweep is an attempt with hope. We can take stringent security measures to avoid responding to external pings. Once the computer responds to ping sweep, there begins the next process of port scanning. Port scan is the process of sending messages to a port for determining the type of network services offered by the host (Ireland, S, 2009). Upon receiving messages the ports respond with their status of being in use or being dormant. Depending upon this status information, the tuned port can now be used for hacking useful and often confidential information. The ports represent potential communication

People are not free to make moral decisions Essay Example for Free

People are not free to make moral decisions Essay Is it right to say that our actions are determined, or are they free? Hard determinists argue that when we make a moral decision, we have no free will. This is significant because if we do not choose our actions we cannot be held morally responsible. Given our experience of decision making this determinist position is hard to accept and perhaps the compatabilist approach of soft determinism is more valid. Soft Determinists recognise that we can make a decision freely that is coerced but the choices in themselves may be determined themselves. This contrasts with libertarianism, which states that we freely choose our actions and rejects determinism. To fully examine whether we are in fact free or not to make moral decisions, we must first analyse what particular factors affect our decision making. When we debate over a decision we consider/ weigh up our options, we know that we have a choice and only we can make that choice, this is known as a libertarian view. Libertarians believe that we have full responsibility of our actions and nothing else affects our decision, however genes, environment, lifestyle and our upbringing affect or sometimes might determine our choices. Determinism objects libertarianism and believes that our choices are influenced by factors other than the will of the individual, events and actions are predetermined by other events therefore freedom of choice is an illusion. Free will is the term made up of ‘autos’ meaning self and ‘nomos’ meaning rule. Many philosophers such as Kant say that you can only be responsible for actions that you undertake of your own will, this is opposed to Determinism. Libertarianism is the belief that humans are free to make moral choices and therefore morally responsible. â€Å"By liberty we can only mean a power of acting of not acting according to the determinations of the will†. David Hume. In the definition of libertarianism a distinction between the persons character or personality and his/or her moral self. It is this moral self or will that is free. â€Å"Your destiny is allotted to you, but you shall choose it for yourselves†. Plato. There are many arguments that support libertarianism, the most predominant of these being the argument from experience, this states that we all experience making choices, such as the very fact that I am sat here writing this essay is the result of a choice, I did have another option so I could’ve chose otherwise. We are also aware of going through a decision making process, we can weigh up our options and act upon this. Libertarians also believe in the necessary cause stating that for Y to happen X must have caused it, without X Y will not happen. This is a determinist understanding, However Libertarians recognise that causes are contingent and not necessary, they may or may not cause Y, this is a libertarian view. However opposed to this Determinists would argue that if free will exists then what actually causes our actions, surely our actions are caused by something, for example what about our past experiences and emotions? Also a determinist would argue is it part of human nature to assume that we are free and what exactly is moral responsibility, and how is this separate from our personality. If it comes from the soul then what causes the soul. Hard determinism states that people do not have free will to act in moral situations. It also states that everything has a prior cause which precedes it; everything is a product of the cause which is unchangeable and fixed. Therefore we cannot be held morally responsible or blameworthy for their actions because their actions are determined. When we think that we are making a moral decision, hard determinists believe that this is an illusion that we are free but in fact we are not and the decision that we made was already determined. John Locke’s example of the man in the locked room shows that we believe that we are free but we are actually not. However libertarians would argue that we had the choice whether or not to go into the locked room. Psychological determinism is another form of Hard Determinism. This suggests that our characters are determined by our upbringing and experiences. There are many influencing factors on human behaviour such as hereditary, society, culture and environment. Freud taught that our early years have impact on our actions in the future, there is also much evidence to support this view such as Pavlov’s dogs which operant conditioning demonstrates that we can mould our behaviour through rewards and sanctions, it also demonstrates how our behaviour is determined. However a libertarian would argue that just because you can condition one element of decision making doesn’t mean that all behaviour is determined, we always have a choice. Theological determinism is also another form of hard determinism. This is the view that the causal chain can be traced back to an uncaused causer, as shown in Aquinas’ Cosmological argument, and this uncaused causer is God. If God is, as suggested by Calvin through his predestination view which suggests that God has already determined a plan for us so we are either damned (going to hell) or elect (going to heaven) , an omnipotent and omniscient God then we cannot have free will as our actions must be predetermined because of this. There are many criticisms for this view that Libertarians would address as it conflicts with biblical teachings as in Genesis it states that God gave us free will and also for theological determinism to be accepted, libertarians would also argue that there is no proof of this God, so in their view we still have a choice. A form of Hard Determinism that contrasts and argues this view is scientific determinism; this approach states that science tells us that for every physical event there is a physical cause. If we consider the mind to be material activity in the brain, so then our thoughts are also pre determined. Another form of hard determinism is Biological determinism which states that our characters are determined by our genes, this is partly true as genes do give us our characteristics such as what we look like, even our IQ, all this can determine our behaviour for example the violent gene as evidence can be traced back to the genome (e. g. a violent gene recognised by the Italian supreme court). However libertarians would argue that because there is only 0. 2% variation in our DNA, so this doesn’t seem efficient enough to explain all the variations in human behaviour, it’s not just our genetic makeup that influences our behaviour, and they would argue that we always have a choice. Soft determinism states that we are morally responsible for our actions; this approach allows libertarianism and hard determinism to be compatible. It states that as long as no one forces you to make a decision then you are free, this can be described as internal freedom. However soft determinists make a distinction between internal and external causes, these explain why freedom and Jeremy moral responsibility are not only compatible with determinism but actually require it. Soft Determinism, unlike hard determinism, allows for moral responsibility, for example if person A does not save a drowning child because person A cannot swim, he is not morally responsible. However, if he chooses not to because of his personality, a combination of his conditioning, an upbringing and so forth, then he is to be held responsible. Soft determinists believe that all human actions are caused and when we say that a person acted freely we are not saying that there was no cause but rather they were not forced to do it, here they act as free agents even though their actions are still caused. A main philosopher associated with soft determinism is Hume whom was a soft-determinist. He stated that all things are necessary and believed that some things are uncaused or happen as the result of chance. Hume also believed that we are free, he goes on to say that we dont blame people for things they do ignorantly, and blame them less for things that are not premeditated, and any sense of moral blame can only come if something we do is the result of our character. Hume believed that free will, and moral responsibility, require determinism. Soft determinists are criticised by hard determinists for failing to realise the extent to which human freedom is limited and also by libertarians for failing to recognise the true extent of freedom. Whilst Soft determinism offers a ‘middle ground’ between hard determinism and libertinism an agreeable account of moral freedom, a line still has to be drawn between that which is determined and that which is open to choice. The major fault with soft determinism is that they have to try and agree on what is a determining factor and what is not and the complexities of genetics, psychology makes such a line difficult for them to draw. So In conclusion, through the arguments expressed in this essay, I believe that perhaps a Soft Determinist approach is more susceptible towards moral decision making, as although it allows us to make our own decisions, they are to an extent determined due to numerous factors such as our upbringing, environment and culture, however it also allows us to accept responsibility for our actions whatever they may be.

Job Order Costing :: essays research papers

Process costing is used for homogenous products (continuous flow processes such as producing cans of soda). Job-order costing is used in situations where the organization offers many different products or services, such as in furniture manufacturing, hospitals, and legal firms. Process costing is used where units of product are homogeneous, such as in flour milling or cement production. The purpose of a job order cost accounting system is to assign and accumulate costs for each job, i.e., an order, a contract, a unit of production, or a batch. Job order costing should be used if the production or service is being performed to meet customer specifications or requirements, if different components are made for inventory, or projects are undertaken to construct real property. Job order costing allows more control, less estimation, and more direct and reliable allocation of costs. . Differences between job-order and process costing. The differences between job-order and process costing occur because the flow of units in a process costing system is more or less continuous and the units are essentially indistinguishable from one another. Under process costing: a. A single homogenous product is produced on a continuous basis over a long period of time. This differs from job-order costing in which many different products may be produced in a single period. b. Total costs are accumulated by department, rather than by individual job. c. The department production report is the key document showing the accumulation and disposition of cost, rather than the job-cost sheet. B. Overview of Process Costing. Manufacturing costs are accumulated in processing departments in a process costing system. A processing department is any location in the organization where work is performed on a product and where materials, labor, and overhead costs are added to the product. Processing departments should also have two other features. First, the activity performed in the processing department should be essentially the same for all units that pass through the department.

A Critical Review of Andrea Owens’ “The Mortgage Bailout that Worked.”

While the Harvard Business Review (HBR) has yet to publish anything specifically on the Obama Mortgage Stimulus Plan as of yet, this recent blog entry might give an idea as to what the HBR’s point of view might be. This is a very interesting piece, as it is a historical lesson on mortgage bailout plans and how they might work. In the 1920s, real estate, like in the 1990s, was considered a very safe investment. In New York just prior to the great crash, several dozen real estate guaranty companies sprang up, offering what amounted to â€Å"mutual funds† for investing in mortgages.These funds were guaranteed by the insurance division of the state of New York. Needless to say, with a few years, these investments sprang out of control. In fact, the companies themselves began to invest in their own guaranty schemes. They charged a fee of roughly 1% of the annual interest on the paper (not the real value). As soon as a slowdown hit, the guaranty firms put their marketing sche mes into a higher gear, selling more and more of them, even waving their fee for a time. When the collapse came by 1932, the marketing went even higher, and more mortgages were sold at more and more advantageous rates.Some were noticing that these guaranty firms were â€Å"on the hook† for some very questionable loans. They sold discounted mortgages to attempt to pay off already inflated mortgage values. It was a scam based on a lie. In 1932, the firms held the tremendous sum of about $2. 7 billion in paper, that itself represented about $809 million in actual value. The final collapse came in the Spring of 1935, and finally, the state stepped in. The measures the state took is really the lesson here. First, the state of New York passed two laws. The first was the Mortgage Moratorium Act.This basically stated that the homeowner cannot lose his home through foreclosure so long as the taxes and interest were paid. Second, the state created an institution called the mortgage Com mission whose job it was to take over the mortgages and seek to reclaim their value. The point of this latter institution was to maintain real estate values as close to the numbers on the paper as possible. It is here where the state met with some success. This commission hired a large number of researchers and investigators to track down each and every property that was represented (distortions and all) on the now worthless paper.Each property, once identified and appraised, was to be disposed of either through sale or rental. Those properties with unfinished improvements were kept afloat until the improvements were finished. The state assisted in any improvements at all on the properties that may maintain their value. But what is impressive is that, at least according to the HBR, by 1935-1936, the state had reclaimed about 84% of the paper value of these properties, which is quite impressive given the nature of the scam.Now, that being said, what are the issues that derive from th is relative to Obama and the mortgage stimulus/bailout? There are two: first, that those who are involved in the bailout/stimulus need to, like the state of New York many moons ago, keep track of all the properties that are recorded on the paper. And second, that the bailout/stimulus money be used to maintain property values to the greatest extent possible given the available liquidity. What the authors of such articles always forget is that there are real people under all this paper.People who have been taken advantage of for the profit of a few. Here, criminal acts have been perpetrated for the sake of quick profits: as a matter of course, it is the homeowner, rather than the schemers, that is punished. Hence, the remainder of this paper will deal with several issues that derive from the stimulus and the historical take on it from our chosen author. 1. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, all foreclosures must be stopped immediately. It is not the fault fo the homeowner that they have been taken advantage of.Like the New York situation, no foreclosures should proceed even if the taxes cannot be paid. This is a form of reimbursement for the homeowner of the encouragement of such speculation under the fraudulent banner of â€Å"the free market,† which is neither free nor a market: it is the state’s guarantee of personal privilege. 2. All real estate taxes should be suspended for a single year. This will act as a negative stimulus for homeowners. That is, families that own their own homes should be free of real estate taxes for a single year.Like the New York case in the 1930s, the fact is that the regulators and the state was asleep at the switch while all of this was going on. The state, largely captive by the major speculators, refused to take action. Hence, the state that acted as a facilitator to these schemers/speculators. As a result, the state does not deserve the reward of smooth tax collection. If there is to be a moratorium on fore closures, then there also needs to be a cancellation of taxes on real estate for families who own homes, as well as a cancellation of any back taxes on property, etc.3. If the bailout is to proceed, then in addition to the above, the checks (which represent their own money anyway) should be made out to the homeowner, and not to the schemers or â€Å"guaranty firms. † 4. While it might sound extreme, the schemers and their hangers on should be sentenced to work camps for their role in the scam. If these people view money as the result of scam, then they need to be taught that the origin of value is work, that is, labor. Labor, not fancy financial footwork, is the source of wealth.The middlemen and speculators merely shift it around. If the value of the paper in their hands does not match the actual value of the real estate, that missing value did not disappear, it merely changed hands. The above ideas in terms of the bailout/stimulus itself, therefore, should be involved in re couping that value and transferring it to the taxpayer and homeowner. The fact remains that the middle class homeowner does not have an interest group or lobby that protects them. The schemers do, and the poor do, but the middle class taxpayer does not. 5.If the stimulus is to continue, then it seems reasonable to hold tha a certain percentage of the money should go to bringing the poor into the ranks f the middle class by subsidizing their entry into home ownership and financial stability. By the same toke, the state of indebtedness of the middle class should also be alleviated with this same money. In such a case, it will be a bailout in the truest sense of the word: not a bailout fo the financial system, but of individual poor and middle class taxpayers whose surplus value has been shipped to overseas tax havens and â€Å"foundations.† The reality here is that this crisis is systemic, not aberrational. The HBR’s primary sin is that they insist that this scam is not built into the system, but the result of a handful of criminal minds. In this they are wrong. The system has this kind of scam built into its very concept of value. The issues that can â€Å"unpack† this statement can be summarized this way: 1. The question of value: the manipulation of the value of labor is separated from the actual act of labor and work. In other words, the value of labor is taken by the schemers and manipulated for their own profit.But the fact is that that value is not theirs, but the labor that has created it in the first place: this includes the actual physical labor of building a house, but also the intellectual labor that provides the plans, the geography, the blueprints, etc. The surplus value of their work is taken by the likes of Madoff, and then gambled against other similar feats of labor. The fact is that this surplus value belongs to no one but the labor that created it. Hence, the scam is built into the system, and not aberrational. 2.Hence, i f taxes and foreclosures are all eliminated by state fiat (for a certain amount of time) it is merely a matter of financial reparation, not some sort of a gift, or a kind of state benevolence. This money and the labor it represents belongs to the middle class. Hence it is their own money that is being returned to them. 3. The stress in financial circles is not creation. The entire point of labor is to create things out of their natural state that makes life easier for humanity. While this seems elementary, the Wall Street mentality has no concept of it.Speculation itself is a kind of mystification in that speculation is a matter of gambling paper (in fact, representing labor on the ground) against other pieces of paper representing the same thing. When the value of this paper is inflated due to skillful gambling, who is to pay? The very same people who created the real (i. e. non paper) value in the first place. Therefore, the question of the bailout stimulus is misplaced, unless it aims not at the mortgage industry or finance in general, but the middle class whose chronic state of indebtedness is being exacerbated by more and more taxes.While it remains the cases that the system itself is responsible for the crisis, the middle class, always n the lookout for a good deal, made certain they were easy targets for the scam. But this is not the fault of this class–the very backbone of home-ownership. Hence, the schemers need to be punished, and the scammed bailed out, not the other way around. Value must be rejoined to the actual function of labor, rather than the fictional value of paper.

Confessions of the Worlds Worst Parent

The essay written by Jerri Cook titled Confessions of the World’s Worst Parent, is based on the book Free Range Kids: Giving Our Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry written by author Lenore Skenazy (Cook). Cook provides similarities about raising her son and uses Skenazy’s experiences as they both point out the feeling of being judged by â€Å"good† parents because they gave their children the freedom to explore life without constant supervision. Cook shows the struggles between raising children the way she was raised and the way society wants them to be raised today.Cook explains to the audience in a humorous fashion the questions that all parents deal with, children and their freedom to explore and the paranoia that they will be hurt or taken. Presently the planet is dealing with the age of too much information, along with this comes misinformation and overinflated imaginations. Cook mentions that life for children was different when she w as a child; children were left to their own devices and the parents trusted them to do the right thing and it did not do any harm (Cook). Cook explains throughout her that society may be producing a planet filled with paranoid parents and children  that cannot fend for themselves.Should parents give their children more responsibility and trust to explore and acquire life skills on their own? The method that Cook uses to make her point to the audience throughout her essay is an anecdotal technique. She uses examples from her own life raising her son and quotes from Skenazy’s book to find a personal common ground with parents raising children. Cook points out the criticisms that Skenazy faced when opening her personal life to the media and sharing her child rearing skills.The use of Cook’s anecdotal technique allows the readers to find a common ground with the author that is familiar and comforting. The humorous way that Cook invites the reader into her life can appeal to parents that might think they are alone with their child rearing fears about not being a good enough parent; this style of writing could comfort a parent to make them feel they are not alone. Cook uses her research to find valid reasons to why parents today are too overprotective and paranoid and shares this interesting information with the audience.To begin with, Cook gives the audience an example of how her son â€Å"Josh told a classmate about throwing rocks at some beavers, and a teacher overheard† the school was â€Å"concerned that the children were 1) being made to work too hard in the garden and 2) that they weren’t being properly supervised† (Cook). Cook mentions that she was confused by the concern, and wondered if she was expected to â€Å"get in the car and go get them? † (Cook). Unfortunately for Cook and her children, the experience left a lasting impression of guilt and that Cook never wanted to be seen as â€Å"the â€Å"bad† p arent† again (Cook).From that point on Cook was â€Å"constantly at their side† (Cook) even though it caused some distress to her and her family. Similarly, Cook mentions that Skenazy â€Å"was nearly devoured by the media and other parents† because â€Å"she let her nine year old son ride the New York subway alone† (Cook). Skenazy wrote a column about her son’s adventure for the â€Å"New York Sun† (Cook) and it had caused her to be â€Å"criticized by every child safety â€Å"expert† (Cook) which in turn initiated an investigation of neglect for her son.Cook uses this example to show the different methods of parenting that exist and that some parents still feel that their children are fully capable and intelligent enough to make good choices. On the other hand Cook explains the paranoid state of affairs that the â€Å"good parents† (Cook) are inflicting on their children. As a result, Cook mentions that Skenazy started her ow n investigation into the actual facts and statistics about children and safety. Through Cook’s description of Skenazy’s investigations she learned that â€Å"Not only is the fear irrational, according to the statisticians Skenazy interviewed, it’s based solely on perception.† (Cook).This â€Å"perception† (Cook) can also be altered by the â€Å"issue of parent peer pressure† (Cook). Cook quotes Skenazy by writing, â€Å"Hell hath no fury like a self-righteous parent† (Cook). Furthermore, Cook explains Skenazy’s idea of the â€Å"helicopter parent† (Cook) that hover over their children â€Å"wasting their time, responding to threats that don’t exist† (Cook). Cook illustrates the idea about the old question of â€Å"how many cases have there been of children being injured or killed by tainted Halloween candy? † (Cook).After doing some research and asking questions the answer to the question turned out to be â€Å"none† (Cook). An â€Å"urban legend† (Cook) that unfortunately began with a horrible incident involving â€Å"relatives, in attempt to save their sorry selves, sprinkled some of the drug on the dead child’s Halloween candy after a child got into a relative’s stash of heroin and died† (Cook). This unfortunate incident has caused panic and concern for parents during Halloween for decades and to the dismay of children when a large portion of their candy was put in the garbage because it looked tampered with.In conclusion, Cook wrote this essay to humorously explain with anecdotes the trivial nonsense guilt that the â€Å"good parents† inflict on other parents that do not have the same views on the supervision of children. Cook tries to ease some of the guilt and inadequacy of being a â€Å"bad parent†. Cook makes light about not following parental peer pressure and raising their children as they feel comfortable and in the be st interest of their children.

Market Screening Essays

Market Screening Essays Market Screening Essay Market Screening Essay For example a low level employee has a question, and asks a high level employee (Higher on scale then low level) the high level employee may have an answer that Is Incorrect; the low level employee will take that answer as the correct one Just because of the class difference. That low level employees mindset Is, If he Is higher In the company then me, he must know more than me. 3. Masculinity Femininely 1- Canada is 52 on the scale, meaning we treat men and women fairly equal. Example 2- Sweden is 5 on the scale, meaning they treat women favorably, it is a country run by a woman, so this could affect how business is run. This dimension has a huge effect on how businesses are run because of how people treat co workers. 4. Uncertainty avoidance- This explains how many risks a country is willing to take. If they have a high uncertainty index, they are run by the book, no room to breathe no mistakes, everything is in order all the time. The opposite goes for Low index, the country is willing to take many risks in order to improve. Both of these go for how a country/business can be UN, if it is high the business will not be open to change, and if it is low the business welcomes change with open arms. 5. Long + short term orientation- This is how open a culture/business focuses on rep or status in my opinion. If a country like China has a business with the idealism of a Long term orientation they keep their employees, people stay in 1 business for a life time. In fact that business is there life that same place may own everything in an area, the company owns the schools, the cars, the hospitals, and it becomes a community. The opposite goes for countries like Culturally both countries are different from each other, and will affect management. Canada is a very Multilingualism collect so Adam will nave many smallness when trying to manage in a very group orientated fashion. Canada having a low PDP indicates that there isnt as much of a class system as Brazil being at 69, so because of this class system Adam is going to have to treat his workers differently to get the message across, maybe not as many questions being asked to workers, but Just being demanding and straight forward. In Canada there should/is a mutual respect teens managers and workers, in Brazil being higher on the PDP scale, the workers and managers respect each other; but the workers feel a bit less free around the manager, and a bit more oaf underdog. Adam comes from a very neutral masculine and feminine country, and Brazil is almost the same, so the management change from Canada to Brazil will be very neutral and wont give him many problems. Areas that have a neutral masculine and feminine country wouldnt have as many problems as a masculine dominant society or feminine dominant. When Adam first goes to Brazil to begin management, he will have problems with uncertainty because Canada is very open to change, and is happy with what they have, Canada is right in the middle for the most part. But when Adam first goes to Brazil the workers there might have a problem with him already Just from the initial change that he might implement. Brazil has a high ALAI so as Adam Joins in the workers will have to change work habits right off the bat to suit Adam to some degree. Brazil has a very long term orientation type of society. When people start a Job; the expectation is that they will pep the Job for a long time, and will have a lot of Job security. If someone is out of line and not doing what they are expected of, Adams cant Just give someone 2 weeks notice that they must leave, the idea is to keep people for a long time, and train them so they are efficient in their Job. Canada is literally the opposite, people in Canada move Jobs constantly so Adam is going to change himself to get used to this new type of culture. 3. The selection regarding hiring Adams doesnt change much because of the knowledge of international business that he has himself. Adams still has knowledge f Portuguese language, but is not anything fantastic, but he does have knowledge of English which is a primary language in business, and Spanish. So because of this Im sure that Adams will be fine in Brazil understanding main business languages. Language skills are a huge importance in the business world, and Adams has the main business languages (English, Spanish), and understanding of Portuguese, so his knowledge of the languages will be very beneficial to his management skills. The use of a translator should not be required, Adam has said that he can speak English, Spanish and understands Portuguese, so because of this understanding of languages, Adams should be able to figure things out for himself. It is understandable if there are small needs of assessment within the language barriers, but Adams knowledge of all the languages should be beneficial to putting the pieces of languages together. Spanish and Portuguese are very similar languages, so Adams should be fine. Problems that may occur with Adams language barrier is the fluency with Portuguese. He should be able to figure things out for himself, but I anticipate that there might eventually need a translator. Also with Adams managing there, he will learn over time to speak Portuguese fluently over time. 4. Brazil is one of the Burl countries. Inure are 4 Burl countries: Brazil, Ursula, IANAL, Ana Canaan. Nine Burl countries are four major countries that are major business countries with a lot of profit to be made in each of them. Brazil is one of these Brick countries, and in the last few years Brazil has had a new government which changed the trade barriers within it so more business can be dealt with. Bombardier made these decisions based on the market screening process, Brazil: Basic Needs, Demand, Legal forces, Geographical screen, competitive, and final selection. Brazil needed to answer all of these screening processes better than average. Basic needs of Brazil- Brazil is in need of industrial corporations and is growing all the time, the CIA fact book shows the amount of Labor force by occupation: Agriculture: 20% Industries: 14% services: Brazil is growing constantly and the more companies like Bombardier making Brazil a host country is making more profit themselves, and also pushing Brazil closer to a fully developed country with more services instead of Agricultural Jobs. More Jobs is utter for Brazil and the labor cost is lower than in the US, so Bombardier makes more profits. Economic/Financial- Compared to other countries, Brazil has a low inflation rate of 4. 2%, This is very low even for a Brick country, Russia for instance has 1 1. % inflation rate, so Brazil is great to go into in that regard. The exchange rates arent bad as well Exchange rates: Real (BRB) per US dollar 2. 0322 (2009), a bit high but can work with it. Legal + Political- Brazil is a Federal republic a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or rovings) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives. This allows trade agreements and trade barriers to be lowered and allow more things to go through. The entry barriers are small; most things go through now that there is a new government. With the new government, people in smaller towns vote for their own government, and they have a choice. So the government is stable if the people are happy. Coloratura- Brazil is a very time oriented society for the most part regarding life in a business. People in Brazil focus on staying somewhere for a long time, so the culture would be similar to the business world. Cultures are based on time, older cultures stay with the community rather than new cultures being created and put into play. Brazil is a great culture to get into with a multi conglomerate like Bombardier, because it is a Brick country but the culture would accept something that may increase Jobs and value of the community/country. Competition- Competition within Brazil is not much for Bombardier, Brazil has services and industries but Bombardier does so many different things, Jet skies, boats, and makes a huge market hat is hard to compete with. Industries within Brazil are: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment. Given all of the other businesses in Brazil it gives an outline of what competition Bombardier will have, and given a quick look these businesses dont focus on the same things, so Brazil is open to a organization like this. Final Selection- Brazil passes all of the screening processes with flying colors, lots of labor cheaper than the US, not much competition, very cultural so the sooner Bombardier gets Into Brazil ten Taster people would Jolt Ana ten longer people would be there. Brazil is in need of more services and industries so having new factory building/selling bombardier products will give Jobs and increase Braziers rep having a huge organization there. Brazil has a new political system and a new government, making it cheaper and more effective moving in Brazil then other Brick countries. Brazil would be a fantastic new market for Bombardier to move into because of how well it passes the market screening, it is a great place to make an amazing profit and to expand into a host country.

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example Because freedom of speech carries such importance, it also carries the danger of being misused. People use speech to cause other people pain, and for their own personal gain. Media often takes their freedoms too far, impinging on the private lives of civilians. Despite these problems, speech must be protected. By look at the arguments made by Charles R. Lawrence in his essay "On Racist Speech" and by Susan Jacoby in "A First Amendment Junkie," the reader is clearly drawn to the conclusion that, while speech can be misused, all speech must continue to be protected, since any limitations could cause major implications for everyone. Yet should freedom of speech be censored Charles R. Lawrence, in his essay, explains "when racist speech takes the form of face-to face insults, catcalls, or other assaultive speech aimed at the individual or a small group of persons, it falls directly with the "fighting words" exception to the First Amendment protection" (Lawrence 1). Yet even angry words, words meant to provoke, have value, and are speech. What about words not meant to provoke, but do For example, people everyday in the United States are beaten or raped for being gay or lesbian and all they said was "I am gay." Those are not fighting words, but because they incite someone to violence, then are they not protected By excluding any words, all words are under danger of attack. Lawrence goes on to explain that the United States Supreme Court has described "fighting words" as that "by their very utterance to inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace" (Lawrence 1). Could not all words fall under t his category Injury to a person varies from person to person, and while words may be unkind, they are never cause for violence. It is when an exception is made saying that some words are so hurtful that a person must physically hurt another person to fix the wrong, that words become dangerous. All first amendment rights must be protected and upheld, no matter how hurtful the words can be, because if they are not, people will start to find "fighting words" everywhere and there will still be no peace. Susan Jacoby, author of "The First Amendment Junkie," is s strict interpreter of the First Amendment rights. She insists in her article that "You can't OD [overdose] on the First Amendment, because free speech is its own best antidote" (Jacoby 31). She suggests that all speech, regardless of the level of offensiveness it has, should be protected. Honestly, she is right. While one group may argue against the use of racist speech, another against sexist, and another still against pornography, they are both arguing for and against the First Amendment. They are using speech to demand the limitation of speech. Most importantly, they have opened a dialogue. Now people will think about what they are saying. If a good point is made, maybe there will be limitations. That has happened with sexist speech. People opened a dialogue, and changes were made. Now, nasty gender based jokes are not allowed in the workplace, to limit the negative environment. Is that limiting speech Yes, and no. Yes, b ecause a person can not be sexist at work, no because it is allowed in other places (e-mail, bars). Most importantly, they fought with words, not with violence. When people chose to use words instead of violence, they are being safe. They

Aloha Airlines Flight 243 Aircraft Accident Report Essay

Aloha Airlines Flight 243 Aircraft Accident Report - Essay Example The main cause being the failure of an epoxy adhesive which is used to bond aluminum sheets of the fuselage together. Two sheets, not bond properly creates a gap through which water seeps in and corrosion begins, as the corrosive parts have a greater volume than the underlying metal, the two sheets are forced apart resulting in the increase of stress on the rivets (which are also used) for holding them together. Taking into account that the aircraft was 19 years old at the time of the accident it had already surpassed its takeoff-landing cycles , it should have been subjected to a full uninterrupted inspection rather than the longer and extensive â€Å"D Check† which was performed in morning installments, furthermore â€Å"eddy-current testing’ inspection on the fuselage skin was lacking. A crack was noticed by a passenger who didn’t notify anyone, as the aircraft had already surpassed its takeoff-landing cycles (compression and decompression cycles), this crack s inevitably due to metal fatigue. Matt Austin came up with another reason for the accident after studying the disintegration of the fuselage of the aircraft. This states that at first, the fuselage failed to open a 10-inch vent through which the cabin air escaped at 700mph, flight attendant C.B.Lansing got sucked into the vent instead of being thrown off the aircraft. This blockage instantly caused an increase in pressure which inadvertently acted as a fluid hammer and tore the jet apart. The structural failure of the 19year old Boeing 737 stressed on creating awareness of aging aircraft throughout the aviation industry. The multiple site fatigue was the cause of the structural damage which primarily was due to the failure and negligence of the operator maintenance program which is supposed to track and detect corrosion damage.

Jason and demarco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jason and demarco - Essay Example Although unorthodox, this brief analysis will work to examine Jason and DeMarco’s ministry as a function of how it compares to the mores of mainline Christianity and how it might differ. In order to accomplish such a task, the author has pulled together resources from Jason and DeMarco’s own website, their biography as expounded upon in a July 2004 issue of The Advocate, as well as selected works from their own discography and select music videos in the hopes of better understanding how they relate to mainstream Christianity. The clear and obvious fact of the matter is that this duo is most differentiated by the fact that they are a homosexual couple; while at the same time they are a musical group that works to promote the love of Christ throughout the communities they serve. Although Jason and DeMarco describe their spiritual mission as concentric upon witnessing to and spreading the word of God within the LGBT community, the group appeals to Christians of all sexual orientations as well. From a standpoint of their ministry, the most positive factor is that the duo has not let their homosexuality serve as a reason for not pursuing their faith. In a way, Jason and DeMarco are pioneers in this regard due to the fact that discrimination and early trials would have been enough to discourage anyone for continuing to align themselves with such a group that provided such high levels of judgment and non-acceptance as did those Christian groups that Jason and DeMarco were originally associated with (Quittner 36). However, rather than letting this be a discouragement, the duo forged ahead and sought to find an outlet in which they could both share their love for one another while at the same time pursuing their mutual passion of spreading the love of God. Similarly, a secondary positive factor relates to the fact that the message of love and acceptance that Christianity portends to all mankind is equally encapsulated in the ministry of Jason and DeMarco. Although this may seem incongruous to many Christians, the fact of the matter is that these two are furthering the very same Christ-like virtues that are intended to be spread by the church on earth according to Christ’s own teachings. Although many Christians might not accept their lifestyle (CITE), the fact remains that the duo are promoting the same type of love and acceptance that Christ himself ministered to during His time on earth. With respect to a negative aspect of their spiritual mission, the author finds it somewhat troubling that their ministry is so focused and concentric around the relationship that the two share with one another. Although this is doubtless a defining characteristic of the duo, it may not necessarily be the best vehicle with which to approach the focus of their ministry. As Christ should necessarily be the central focus of their musical ministry, it is somewhat distracting that the types of performance, music videos, and copious articles that a re written on the duo are almost entirely focused upon the fact that they are a gay couple who happens to be contemporary Christian performers. Perhaps a better model would be for the group to market and bill themselves as contemporary Christian performers who just so happen to share a homosexual lifestyle together. Although most of this press attention is not

Life of Pi Animals Essay Example for Free

Life of Pi Animals Essay Acting and speaking before THINKING, this goes back to a humans’ primitive stage. We are all animals, in the sense that we are mammals. Manifested through our psyche or personality, each animal has a different representation. From personality traits, behavior or even symbolism, animals have the ability to portray these features in humans. In Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, four distinct animals are manifested in the main character’s (Pi Patel)spirit. These four animals a zebra, which symbolizes the struggle to survive and docility, the orangutan – a nurturing mother personality, the hyena for desperation and evil, then lastly the tiger, Richard Parker which represents perseverance and companionship. When one visits the zoo, the most submissive creature there to see is the zebra. Marked with bold black and white stripes to show endurance, the zebra is still indecisive and unassertive. Relating back to Pi Patel, even from the beginning of the novel he cannot make up his mind about which religion to follow. This shows when his indetermination leads him from being a Muslim, to Hinduism, to Christianity. Also, as the hyena attacks the zebra for food, the animal strives to defend himself by thrashing about the boat. Severely wounded and painfully struggling to fight the battle, zebras determination to stay alive and survive the attack from the hyena. This is also a small wake up call to Pi who is also growing weak day in and day out while a hungry Bengal tiger sleeps only a few feet away. However the need to survive and the life of force is a character trait that the zebra and Pi Patel have in common, not to mention uncertainty.

Relationship Marketing in the UK Retail Sector

Relationship Marketing in the UK Retail Sector Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Relationship marketing plays a significant role in the present market scenarios as it mainly illustrates the relationship among the customers and organizations. Relationship marketing is a form of marketing that evolved during 1970 and 1980s (Regis McKenna, 1991, p. 4). It mainly highlights the consumer satisfaction instead of focusing on sales transactions because these relationships will help the organizations in sustaining and supporting the technological edge of the company. According to Lisa A. Guion and Heather Kent (2005, p.1), Relationship marketing is the process of attracting, maintaining and enhancing relationships with key individuals over time. The marketer should act like an integrator where they must synthesize technological capability with the market needs and the marketer must be supposed to bring the customer into organizations. Customers mingle with the companies as participants for the adaptation and development of services and goods. So, the relationships are con sidered as the key point for the basis of customer choice and company adaption. Relationship marketing involves in using the one-on-one communication in earning the loyalty of customers (GUION, L. A., 2005). These relationships can be easily improved in the organizations if the marketing is part of everyones job description that is from receptionist to board of directors. This method integrates the customers in designing the products which in turn creates a substance in the relationship. Relationship marketing is the key point to be considered in the retail sector. Many of the countries have increased its growth due to retailing. Retailers interact with the final customer in a supply network, but they are both buyers and sellers of goods and services (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002, p.3). Presently, there is a vast change in the retail industry and offers employment to more number of people. In these sector, retailer acts as a trader or dealer who sells the goods in small quantities. Retail sector will include various organizations related to different markets. Marketing in the retail sector can be improved only when there is a constant relationship between the customer and the organizations. Hence, it can be said that relationship marketing plays a vital role in marketing the goods in retail sectors. This marketing increase the growth of the retail sectors and further raises the market level of the country over the worldwide. In this thesis, the further sections include Literature review, Research methodology, Findings and Analysis, and Conclusions. In the Literature Review section it briefly describes about the retail marketing in UK, relationship marketing, approaches used for maintaining the relationship, types of markets and challenges that are faced by organizations. Research methodology section illustrates the approach that is selected for analyzing the relationship marketing in UK retail sector with the help of various case studies. Findings and analysis section discusses and analyzes the performance of maintaining the relationship marketing in various organizations. The last section draws the conclusions and recommendations. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To study relationship marketing in the UK Retail sector Objectives: To focus on retail and relationship marketing To identify the various approaches those are used by various sectors for maintaining the relationships between customers and organizations. Discuss the challenges that are faced in the retail sectors. To examine the experimental results of relationship marketing in different retail sectors. 1.3. Purpose of Study The main purpose of this research is to study the relationship marketing among the various retail sectors in UK. This report helps many of the organizations in analyzing the relationship marketing as it provides a clear idea on the retail sector and relationship marketing. Relationship marketing mainly focuses on the relationship among customers and organizations, rather concentrating on sales of goods. It will highlight the organization performance with respect to the relationship between industry and consumers. 1.4. Research Context The present research is done in relationship marketing as it consists of the customer service and improving the quality according to customers taste such that both the customers and organizations are profited in real drive. Relationship marketing is the secret of the successful business marketing (Jane F.Eastham, Liz Sharples and Stephen D.Ball, 2001). The research mainly focuses on the relationship of internal marketing, suppliers, requirements of the markets and there influences how they are co-related with each other (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Maintaining good relationship between quality and the services provided by retailers has influenced new customers which have increased the growth of sales such that most of the organizations earn more and more profits (Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne and David Ballantyne, 2002. The present research work will be beneficial for business people who will gain a better understanding regarding retail market and helpf ul for the organizations that implement relationship management in gaining profits (Bob Stone and Ron Jacobs, 2007). It may be useful for the organizations as it may directly affect people who are involved in generating new ideas. So, the relationships are considered as the key point for the basis of customer choice and company adaption. Relationship marketing involves in using the one-on-one communication in earning the loyalty of customers (GUION, L. A., 2005). These relationships can be easily improved in the organizations if the marketing is part of everyones job description that is from receptionist to board of directors. This research integrates the customers in designing the products which in turn creates a substance in the relationship. Relationship marketing is the key point to be considered in the retail sector. With the use of retailing most of the companies have improved their growth vigorously. 1.5. Research Method According to Grinnell (1993), the word research is a combination of two syllables namely, re and search. Therefore, the meaning of research work can be taken as examining a particular thing again and again for achieving a systematic and faultless investigation in some kind of field that has been undertaken. The methodology of research work will focus on identifying the hidden problems of some field, determining solution for them and positioning the resulted data for reaching the conclusions of the research work (Ranjit Kumar, 2005). Case studies are selected as a suitable research methodology for the present research and researcher has to work hard in collecting the required data from different resources along with its evidences. In this type of research method, the gathered data is huge and many technologies have to be used for analyzing and organizing the data so as to reach the goals of the research work (Bill Gillham, 2000). Research Area: Here the research area considered is UK retail marketing where it illustrates retail and relationship marketing, challenges that are faced in the retail sectors and gives experimental results of relationship marketing in different retail sectors. Selecting Cases: Selecting cases is the critical step for any organization. UK market is very large and it became difficult here to select suitable cases studies for this research. At last this research considered two UK market leading organizations for the case studies including McDonald and Debenhams. Identifications: This is the next step in research approach where the researchers need to identify the state of relationship marketing in considered organizations. Those identifications are given in the research methodology chapter of this research document. Analyzing and monitoring results: An analysis must be taken after making research on any organization. And analysis must be monitor to understand the identification in the considered organizations. This research illustrates the analysis results with different types of graphs that can be understood by any person. Recommendations: There are some recommendations given in the fifth chapter of this research documentation based on the research experience. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. Overview Relationship Marketing is a marketing strategy that is developed from the direct response marketing campaigns that emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction rather than the major focus on point of sales transaction. It is a form of marketing the will recognize the long term values for the firm and focuses on acquisition of new clients by targeting the majority demographics based upon the prospective client lists. The main idea behind relationship marketing theory is the identification of key drivers which influences important outcomes for the firm and a better understanding of the fundamental relations between service providers and customers (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). In the further sections of this chapter the retail marketing sector in UK is clearly discussed along with the relationship marketing in organizations with respect to six market frameworks. Creating and implementing the relationship marketing strategies and description of Relationship m arketing along with the applications is clearly explained followed by the discussion on types of markets by comparing and contrasting the various approaches followed in the organizations. 2.2 Retail Marketing Retailer is a dealer or trader who sells goods in small quantities or more. Retailing includes activities such as selling of products or goods and providing services to customers from a fixed location, which may be a departmental store or a boutique or by a mail in small or individual loads. Apart from these functionalities, retailing may also include services such as, delivery of products and goods. Retail Marketing is a process of buying and selling products or goods in the market. According to Philip J. Kitchen and Tony Proctor (2001) Retail marketing is mainly concerned with retail organization and it focuses on the application of marketing tools within its operating context. The retail marketing task is to deflect the customer in to the retail store and help to decide an appropriate compromise with regards store design, provision of services and customer desires (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). Retail marketing encompasses the activities involved in facilitating mutua lly beneficial exchange relationship between business organizations supplying goods and services and customers (Philip J. Kitchen and Tony Proctor, 2001, 264). Retailing marketing is a distribution channel function where one organization buys products from supplying firms or manufactures the product themselves, and then sells these directly to consumers (Retailing, 2009, p. 1). Retail marketing has its influence on the daily life of consumers and shopkeepers. Retailing is supported to provide utility to the customer and this comes from four different perspectives. These prospective can be explained as follows: Product utility This type of utility is about the form of a product that is acceptable to the customer. That is the retailer provides final end products, but not raw materials and products which are usable to customers. Place utility Retailing outlets will be available at places where the customers feel to be comfortable for their convenience (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). Time utility Retail outlets or shops are available at a time suitable to the customer. Ownership utility Retailers facilitate the transfer of ownership to customer depending upon the market situations (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). 2.2.1 Retail Marketing in UK Since the Second World War, UK has become a service company: that is, in terms of output and in terms of employment. Many of the existing features of UK retailing are well known to the general public who has observed substantial changes in shops. Retail marketing is a highly dynamic industry in UK and it reflects the changes in rest of the society. With customer require patterns are affected by changing demographics and changes in incomes, customer credit and growth in part-time labor. Customers are comparatively affluent, sophisticated and time-pressured and therefore demanding a service (Philip J. Kitchen and Tony Proctor, 2001). In 1970s, most of advertisers are the manufacturing companies, such as Currys and comet in electrical sector, supermarkets and high street banks. Now, the situation has changed and the retailers are maintaining close relationships with their customers. The change of influence has developed in 3 different ways and they can be given as follows: Firstly, most of the retail groups in UK have grown to equivalent or gone beyond the manufacturing organization in both capacity and size. Secondly, with the severe changes in retail marketing, the stores of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"own-label merchandise have increased. Most of the stores are offering high quality and excellent value products. Third one is the development the market information. With the new technology like scanning restocking issues, the retailer can plan ranges, layouts and promotional details very precisely (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). There is revival of price competition in 1990s, accompanied by a string service significance. And there has also been an increase in retailer diversification (e.g., high street fashion retailers moving into catalogue selling and grocers into non-food products). In spite of the increasing globalization of retailing, this is still usually the national environment, with its institutions, culture, and dictatorial framework. The UK retail market has experienced a dramatic re-shape in the year of 2004. This re-shape has been led by the achievement of Safeway supermarket chain by Morrisons, which has created the countrys fourth biggest retailer. The UK biggest retailers are Tesco and asda and next are the Sainsburys. With the achievement of the Safeway supermarket chain, Morrisons is in the fight for the third place with Sainsburys (Graduate Prospects, 2009). Over the next five years, the UK retail Market is in a position to increase its size by 15%, taking its value to just over  £312bn (Datamonitor, 2009). But this represents a slowing down of annual growth and with increase in cost of credit and operating costs; the UK retail sector faces challenging times. The companies will suffer who cannot compete against shrinking margins. Among the UK retail market sector, electrical sector is the best performer with a growth of 24 % (Datamonitor, 2009). Hence, from the above discussion it can be understood that the retail marketing is crucial to effectively communicate a business to its customers in order to sell the products, launch new products to the marketplace, and to capitalize on revenues and profits. 2.3 Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing is a process of attracting, enhancing and maintaining the relationships between the customers and managers in an organization. It mainly concentrates on increasing the life time value of customers and the strategies of relationship marketing mainly focus on the enhancement and development of relationships with a number of key marketings. Relationship marketing will maintain the internal marketing relationships as well as external marketing relationships with suppliers, customers, referral sources, employees and recruitment markets (Adrian Payne, Martin Christopher, Helen Peck and Moira Clark, 1998). According to GRONROOS, C. (1994, p.421), relationship marketing is defined as Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by a mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises. These relationships are of two types in the marketing fie ld. First one is for attracting the customers and another one is to develop the relationships with customers for achieving maximum profits in the organizations (GRONROOS, C., 1994). But, According to ZEITHAML, V. A. and BITNER, M. J. (2000, p.30), Relationship Marketing (RM) is defined as Relationship Marketing is a philosophy of doing business, a strategic orientation that focuses on keeping and improving current customers, rather than acquiring new customers. Hence, from the above discussion it can be understood that relationship marketing plays a vital role to develop the organization by maintaining the relationships between consumers, suppliers and managers. RM is communicated closely with customers in order to improve a beneficial, mutually, continuous and long-term relationship. RM is a philosophy where it assumes that customers are maintaining the relationships within a single organization rather than selecting the different organizations. It is a consistent application up-to -Date Knowledge of consumers to service and product design. Six markets framework in Relationship Marketing Relationship Marketing contains six marketing models for improving the relationships between customers and company. These markets maintain the relationship between many organizations as well as within the organization. The six marketing models are considered as the central point of Relationship Marketing and the importance of these models is discussed as follows: (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Internal Markets Internal marketing maintains the relationships between employees in the organization. It mainly concentrates on the issues like why and how the employees are working in the organization to improve the effectiveness of an organization. In internal marketing, business to business marketing information can be examined. Thus, observing the employee behavior in the organizations is necessary to estimate their performance and the examined information is useful for managers to take decisions. Customer Markets In this marketing, it maintains the relationship with customers. It supplies products and services to two types of customers. They are consumers like end purchasers and trade customers like retailers and their relative power is to determine which sort of relationships are cultivated more continuously (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Referral Marketing It develops a plan for referral motivation and can be characterized based on the type of relationship. If Referral market has high credibility factor, then it can be considered as a decisive element and it is considered as customers, if the consumers enter into this markets with formal and informal referral agreements between themselves and suppliers of corresponding services and products. Thus, the relationships in this market need to be fair, open and well defined in the areas (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Thus, from the above discussion it can be understood that planning is necessary to take the further actions within the organizations. Referral Marketing can prepare perfect plans in the organization. Recruitment Markets This is also called as Employee Markets. Employment is becoming a part of an organization. It is a market related task so that it maintains the relationship with educational institutions, labor unions and recruitment partners. From the above discussion it can be stated that Recruitment Marketing plays an important role in developing the organization. The performance of the company can be improved by recruiting the best employees. Influence Marketing It is closely linked with the decision-making department within the organization because it influences the relationships in the organizations internally as well as externally. This market consists of different types of sub markets like stockholders, government agencies and consumer associations (Soren Hougaard and Mogens Bjerre, 2003). Thus, it also considered as an important marketing model in the organization because well defined decisions are useful for the company to get more profits. Supplier Markets In recent years, improving the relationships with the suppliers is considered as a great deal in the organizations. Every organization need to maintain contain the relationship with suppliers because marketing system approach contains downstream as well as upstream activities. This approach matched with the developments within the Supply Chain Management (SCM). Supplier Markets deals with the supplier issues in the organization (Soren Hougaard and Mogens Bjerre, 2003). Hence, it is necessary to maintain the relationship with the customers to get the mutual benefits in the organization and every marketing business needs long term relationships to improve the performance of the markets. 2.4 Creating and implementing the relationship marketing strategies According to NORMANN, R. and RAMIREZ, R. Marketing strategies provide the intellectual frame work, conceptual models and governing ideas that allow company mangers to identify the opportunities for bringing value to the customers and for delivering that value at a profit (cited in Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999, pp. 407). These strategies are helpful for a company to define its business and links together. Relationship marketing implies relationship between the customer and buyer. Traditional marketing approach is based on management of the so-called marketing mix and relationship marketing rather than management of the stakeholder domains. Marketing strategies and planning approaches are influenced in the retail business environment. The relationship marketing values emerge from customers and consumer values. These customer and consumer values are an impact of various elements like people, process and proactive (personalized) services. People are the essential part of a company and consumers are motivating and training the employees to attract the customers for selling their retail business shares. Customer satisfaction is very important in this interaction process. Processes are the way for creating values for the customer. The core processes of retail business include new product development processes, customer management process, supplier management process and order fulfillment process (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Now-a-days, most of the retail markets are developed based on the customer supported services. Customer services include relationships between the suppliers and customers. Thes e services affected on the development of the retail firms and their customers to face market competitors. Customer services are helpful for the retail organizations and thereby increasing the share value in market. The relationship marketing strategies are defined by the implementation methods. These implementation methods are based on the sub system to improve the organization processes and relationships (Alain Ferrand and Scott McCarthy, 2008). Hence these three elements of the marketing can affect the marketing success and these elements are helpful while building up the relationship strategies. Implementation of relationship strategies is based on delivering and creating a value in retail business. This implementation involves many strategies. The first one is relationships in multiple stockholders this issue illustrates two models in the retail business and the models are relationship value management frame work and service profit chain. These models are helpful in market domains for understanding the relationships between the consumer and customer. The second one is selecting an appropriate relationship marketing strategies for different customers. Third strategy is detail planning within the six market models. Finally organizations make use of this relationship management (Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne and David Ballantyne, 2002). Achieving more profits for a retailing company is not an easy task and needs good customer relationship management. Customer relationship is the most important aspect in every market strategy. Marketing relationships are the living things in all types of businesses. If the company maintains good market relationships with their customers then automatically profits are obtained. These profits are obtained in the following ways (William M. Pride and O. C. Ferrell, 2004). By attracting new customers. By enhancing the profits of the existed customer. By increasing the customer relationship. Implementing the market relationship means exchange of relationships between the consumer and customer. Maintaining good relationship with customers is the main goal of many retail marketers. To maintain these relationships for a long time retail marketers are turned into the market research and information technology (William M. Pride and O. C. Ferrell, 2004). To create marketing strategies Customer Relationship Management (CRM) focuses on the customer information. Managing these relationships need to identify the buying behavior and consumer behavior with the customer. CRM is mainly focused on developing the company relationship capabilities. To improve these capabilities customer management leader must contain good relationship qualities with the customers (Bryan Foss and Merlin Stone, 2001). Hence from the above discussion it can be stated that implementation of marketing strategies depends upon customer interactions because profits for an organizations can be obtained by maintai ning good customer relationships. 2.5 Description of Relationship marketing and its applications In relationship marketing organizations mainly concentrates on customer satisfaction. Relationship marketing has lot of applications towards organization and customers. Organizations can maintain a long relationship with the customers through relationship marketing. Maintaining long relationship with the customers will be a benefit for both customers and organizations (Rajeev Batra and David Shepard, 1999). For any organization, though profit is the main motive they should also concentrate on customer needs. If organizations concentrate on quality and needs of customer then they can get the profits easily (Jakki J. Mohr, Sanjit Senguptha and Stanley F. Slater, 2004). Some of the applications towards the organizations for maintaining good customer relationships: Increased purchase If organization maintains a good relationship with the customer then they tend to buy more products. Organizations must ensure that the customers should remain interested and engaged in purchasing the product (Christian, 2008). Lower costs Sometimes organizations may decrease the cost of the product for attracting the new user and to maintain the existing customers. This decrease of costs will be a great benefit to both the customers and organizations. Customers can buy their products for low costs as well as the organizations can attract more customers. Life time value Good and loyal customers can generate life time value of a product or organization. If loyal customers buy the products in same organization throughout his life time then organization will get profits continuously (Shajahan, S., 2004). Sustainability Maintaining long relationships with customers is a great benefit to the organization. Customer may stick to one particular organization for a long time if organizations have good relationships with their customers. Through these long relationships with the customers an organization can give a good competition to other organizations. Organizations can sustain in the competitive market with good customer relationship. Word of mouth promotion To promote any product organizations needs lot of promotions and advertisements, for this it requires lot of money. But if organizations maintain good will in the market then the product will automatically promoted through customer referrals and mouth promotions. Employees job satisfaction Satisfaction of customers will bring satisfaction to the employees in the organization. If customer satisfied then the turnover of the organization will increase (Levitt, 2009). From the above discussion it can be understood that, all the applications towards the organization will lead to the profits of the organization. For any organization Profit is the ultimate goal. So ultimate goal of the organization can be achieved by maintain good relationships with the customers. Relationship marketing has been implementing in many organizations. For example, Meridien group of hotels used relationship marketing very effectively for satisfying the customers. Meridien hotels are established all over the world. This hotel is open to all the travelers all over the world. Meridian group of hotels recently launched a program called moments.com. By this program they are attracting the customers and they are finding the loyal customers. Before using relational marketing they used to implement the seasonal packages. But implementing relationship marketing is more advantageous than other methods. Now Merridian hotels are implementing the packages based on the customer needs but not on the seasons. They provided all the requirements for the customers within the hotel only. This made the customers to choose Merridian hotel as one of the best hotel in the world (SHAINESH, G. and Atul Parvatiyar, 2001). 2.6 Approaches for maintaining relationships among the customers and retailers Customer plays an important role in any type of business. The relationship between customer and retailer is maintained when customer is loyalty and satisfied. Further, developing the relationship retailers must and should have the total information about the customers (Margaret Bruce, Christopher Moore and Grete Birtwistle, 2004). But according to Robert H. Lowson, The relationship between customer service level and inventory of finished goods for low, medium and high vendor process time (2002, p.207), if the retail markets provide better services for the customer in supply of good in time that maintains a good relationship between them. But as some aspects the retails are unable to meet the requirements of the customer satisfaction. Some of the approaches for maintain relationship among the customers and retailers were as follows: Identify the customer Try to find out relevant customer that what the products and services they need they might be either internal or external customers and by maintain the data base of the customers (Greg Balanko-Dickson, 2006). Gaining customer attention-Try to attract the more and more customer by advertizing the product. Understanding customer needs-Try to understand the needs of the customer in detail regarding what they are, actually what is the need and what they do. Customer expectations-Try to clarity the customer exactly what the products are been delivered. Feedback of customers-Taking the feedback from the customer also helps a lot for the retailers, regarding the comments they mentioned and opine of the customer about the performance of the product and how useful to them (Kimball Fisher, R.Rayner and William Belgard, 1995). According to Gavriel Salvendy (2001, p.775), Relationship among manufacturers, suppliers, vendors, retailers and customers work together to provide a product that the customer wants at a price that the customer is willing to pay. By maintaining the quality of service in the production of goods at best price the market standards and retailers are trying t